<p>The Union Hotel is a historic hotel building at 926 Cundys Harbor Road in the Cundys Harbor village of Harpswell, Maine. Built in 1862, it is believed to be the oldest purpose-built summer resort hotel in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It now houses the Captain&#39;s Watch Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Union Hotel building stands atop a rise in the village of Cundys Harbor, located near the southeastern tip of Sebascodegan Island, which forms the eastern part of the town of Harpswell. The building, which looks like a large house, stands on the west side of Cundys Harbor Road, just north of the village library. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboard siding. The roof is topped at its centery by an octagonal cupola. The building trim is a vernacular Italianate style, with corner pilasters rising to a broad entablature, and deep eaves. Early photos of the building show that it once had roof balustrades and a porch.</p><br>
<p>The Union Hotel was built in 1862 by Daniel Weeks Simpson, a native of nearby Brunswick who married into a local family. It is believed to be the oldest resort hotel building in the state; an earlier instance in Harpswell, built in 1835, was destroyed by fire in 1868. Simpsons hotel was a financial failure, and the building has seen a variety of uses over the years. In the 19th century, in addition to several stints as a hotel, it as house a local school and church, and in the 20th century it was converted into a private residence. It now houses the Captains Watch, a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>Barragem de Poilão is a reservoir located in the east central part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde, mainly in the municipality of Santa Cruz but with the western part partly in São Lourenço dos Órgãos. It is located on the stream Ribeira Seca . Both Ribeira Seca and Faveta are the islands longest rivers and could be the countrys longest. North of the reservoir is the João Teves-Pedra Badejo/Achada Fazenda Road .</p><br>
<h2>About the dam and the reservoir</h2><br>
<p>Several lagoons on Boa Vista (near Curral Velho) and Maio islands (Lagoa de Cimidor) were Cape Verdes only lakes before the construction of the reservoir. It is one of Cape Verdes largest lakes; the dam impounding it was the only concrete dam in Cape Verde until the construction of three other dams, two on the same island in 2013 and one on Santo Antão in 2014. It is not one of the largest lakes in Cape Verde as one on Maio and Boa Vista are larger than any of its man made lakes. The island has a dry climate with occasional torrential downpours. These cause the transport of large quantities of sediment into the reservoir and a study has found that without regular dredging, the storage capacity of the reservoir will be reduced by almost one half within seven years.</p><br>
<p>The artificial lake was laid out between the villages of Poilão and Lavada dos Orgãos with a fill dam and where the stream flow from east to northeast. Construction began on December 2004 and took 18 months to compete, competed in 24 May 2006. The reservoir has a capacity of 1.7 million cubic meters, making possible the drip irrigation of 64 hectare of land, corresponding to about 100 farms. The irrigation usage is 1.2 million cubic meters. The useful depth is 18 metres and the maximum depth is 26 metres. The length of the reservoir is 1235 metres, and the surface area is 17 hectares. The Poilão Hydrological Station is 120 m downstream from the dam. The dam is built of masonry, with a core of reinforced concrete. The construction of the concrete dam was planned and paid for by China, at a cost of four million dollars. There is an information pavilion to the south of the artificial lake where some rare birds can be observed.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>One of the birds, the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalis brevipennis) are founded in the reservoir and the area.</p><br>
<p>Wilsford Henge is the site of a Neolithic henge located west of the village of Wilsford, Wiltshire in the United Kingdom. The site was discovered from cropmarks in aerial photographs. The monument is situated within the Vale of Pewsey a short distance to the south of the large henge known as Marden Henge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wilsford Henge is a broad irregular circular ditch visible only as a cropmark on aerial photographs. It is situated on a gently sloping spur of land to the south of the River Avon. The internal diameter of the enclosure is around 43 metres and the external diameter is around 62 metres. There is an entrance, 12 metres wide, which faces northeast in the direction of the river. Around 1 kilometre in a north by northwest direction lies Marden Henge on the opposite bank of the River Avon. An interior circle of possible post-hole pits has been confirmed by geophysical survey.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site is included in a three-year investigation of the Pewsey Vale, beginning in 2015, by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Reading. Among the discoveries in the 2015 excavations was an early Bronze Age crouched burial of an adolescent child which included sherds of beaker pottery and a collection of necklace beads.</p><br>
<p>Nearby, within the same field, archaeologists have discovered the remnants of a large Roman farm settlement, and excavations have revealed the outline of a very large farm building or barn.</p><br>
<p>The Zeb Ward Building is a historic commercial building located at 1001-1003 West Markham Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a two-story masonry structure, with cast iron storefront surrounds and otherwise brick construction. The building has vernacular commercial Italianate style, with narrow windows at the upper level set in segmented-arch and round-arch openings with brick headers. Its front facade is topped by a stepped parapet. It was built in 1881 by Zeb Ward, and was probably built by prison labor, with its bricks fabricated in the prison yard. Zeb Ward was at the time of its construction the lessee and operator of the Arkansas State Penitentiary.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Ninney Rise and John Busst Memorial are a heritage-listed house and memorial at 405 Alexander Drive and Esplanade, Bingil Bay, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Busst and built circa 1960 by John Busst. It is also known as John and Alison Busst&#39;s Residence. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ninney Rise at picturesque Bingil Bay north of Mission Beach in northern Queensland was built by artist and environmentalist John Horatio Busst, using locally made bricks and locally sourced bamboo. He lived in the house with his wife Alison until his death in 1971. It was from here that Busst master-minded a passionate, determined and ultimately successful campaign to protect Queensland&#39;s Great Barrier Reef and its tropical rainforests from development and mining pressures and exploitation.</p><br>
<p>Ninney Rise and its grounds are located on what had been part of a 160-acre (64.75ha) block first taken up in the name of Sidney B Cutten in 1884. The Cutten family were the areas first non-Indigenous settlers and became well known horticulturists. (They built their family home, Bicton House, on the site now occupied by Ninney Rise, retaining it until the late 1930s). This is incorrect Bicton was on the southern side of Bingil Bay. The original home at Ninney Rise was built by the Alexanders (Cuttens cousins) The home was used as a boarding house for many years. There was never a house on the spot where the Busst home was built.</p><br>
<p>Mission Beach, Bingil Bay, and Dunk and Bedarra Islands remained relatively undeveloped during the first half of the twentieth century, due to their isolation and frequent destructive cyclones. These factors ensured that the area retained much of its outstanding natural beauty which, along with idyllic accounts from Queensland author Edmund James Banfield, attracted artists and naturalists to the area including John Busst and his sister Phyllis, who leased the south-eastern corner of Bedarra Island in 1940 and later purchased almost the whole island (apart from 15 acres (6ha) owned by artist Noel Wood).</p><br>
<p>John Bussts interest in art, architecture and advocacy began in his youth, which he spent in Victoria. After attending Wesley College, he studied at Melbourne University. He then shared a house with Arthur Munday and future Prime Minister Harold Holt, before Busst and Munday studied art with draughtsman-turned-painter Justus Jorgensen, who was influential in Melbourne art circles. In 1934 Busst followed Jorgensen to Eltham, an outer suburb of Melbourne, which had attracted artists since the early 1900s, to help build the community of painters, sculptors, musicians and crafts-people later known as Montsalvat. Their architectural vision included the use of natural and local materials, such as pise de terre and mud bricks. As one of Monsalvats builders, Busst acquired skills in creative and organic building. This artistic background and its associated philosophies influenced Busst&#39;s building practices when he moved to north Queensland with his sister in 1940: his first house (since demolished) on Bedarra Island being constructed with hand-made mud bricks.</p><br>
<p>After 1947 Busst subdivided his Bedarra Island land and sold 86 acres (34.8ha). Phyllis returned to Melbourne and John married Alison Shaw Fitchett who joined him on Bedarra in the early 1950s. In 1957 John and Alison Busst sold their home on Bedarra Island and moved to Bingil Bay on just less than 10 acres (4ha) which extended to the beach with views over the Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef. They also acquired portion 19V to the north, a 154-acre (62.3ha) block that included extensive areas of tropical lowland rainforest and the rocky headland known as Ninney Point. In the late 1950s or early 1960s the Bussts erected a new residence on the site.</p><br>
<p>John Busst designed their new home to be strong enough to withstand cyclones, and utilised locally sourced materials. He employed a local builder to erect the shell of the building using bricks from the Silkwood Brickworks, and then used bamboo, an exotic that had been planted in the district in the nineteenth century, to create decorative ceiling features, architraves and fittings throughout the residence and to make furniture. Patricia Clare, who visited the Bussts new home at Bingil Bay in the 1960s, later wrote:"The white house stood on its own cliff, the rainforest behind it, and in front the satin shine of blue water stretching away to where the reefs of lime lay hidden. It was the traditional Australian country house, a core of rooms surrounded by wide verandahs, with a roof like a shady hat pulled down over the lot... Busst had built it... a fortress, built of brick and reinforced concrete to outlast the cyclones which periodically smashed into this coast...... I am not interested in making anything that wont last for a thousand years. We stepped off the verandah... into a room with ceiling lined in a sort of bamboo parquetry."Busst&#39;s artistic individualism and interest in the aesthetics of nature and in using nature in art and architecture gradually evolved into an awareness of the ecological reasons for conserving the natural world, and in the 1960s, to environmental activism.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1950s and 1960s, Queensland&#39;s coastal environments were under threat from rapid development stimulated by a boom in resource exploitation. Busst observed large areas of rainforest being felled for sugar and banana cultivation and cattle, with subsequent wet season rain pouring topsoil out into the ocean. This resulted in pesticides, nutrients and phosphates being flushed out to sea and onto the Great Barrier Reef, which was also under pressure from unsustainable fishing practices and infestations of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).</p><br>
<p>Busst was a founding member, Chairman and Secretary of the Committee for the Preservation of Tropical Rainforest. In 1965 he convinced the Australian government to engage rainforest scientists Dr Leonard Webb and Geoff Tracey to undertake the first systematic vegetation survey of north Queenslands rainforests. The 1966 survey resulted in: the first ever scientific reference to the international significance of Queenslands lowland rainforests; the first proposal for protection of the full range of North Queensland forests; and the first actual protection of lowland tropical Queensland rainforest. Webb and Tracey, who stayed with Busst at his Bingil Bay house to do all their work on medicinal drugs from rainforest plants, were pioneers in Australian rainforest ecology and conservation. They promoted the conservation of lowland rainforest through the establishment of national parks and were joined by the Bussts in their campaign.</p><br>
<p>John Bussts Great Barrier Reef campaign received much publicity and has been well documented in Australian ecology and conservation literature. Following public notice of a cane growers intention to harvest coral from 84 acres (33.9ha) of supposedly dead reef (as a cheap source of agricultural lime) in 1967, Busst lodged an objection and gathered evidence to prove that Ellison Reef was alive. The ensuing battle involved a number of influential environmentalist groups including the: Australian Conservation Foundation, Queensland Wildlife Preservation Society, the Queensland Littoral Society (renamed the Australian Marine Conservation Society), and the Wildlife Conservation Society (US). Busst also circulated an objection (addressed to the Minister for Mines) to the Premier and the Ministers for Tourism and Conservation and the Director-General of the Queensland Government Tourist Bureau. He attracted wide press coverage for the case and enlisted the help of his long-time friend Prime Minister Harold Holt who, after being introduced to Bingil Bay by John Busst, built a holiday home nearby. Six months after the hearings in the Innisfail Courthouse, Queensland Mines Minister Ron Camm rejected the mining application. This landmark case set a precedent for not mining the reef, brought the question of exploiting the Reef&#39;s resources into the public arena and served as a cornerstone for the conservation movement in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Busst&#39;s other major battle involved protecting the Great Barrier Reef from oil drilling. By September 1967 the Queensland Government had leased 80,920 square miles (nearly 21 million hectares) of the Great Barrier Reef to companies that intended to drill there for oil. Busst wrote to both Harold Holt and Opposition Leader Gough Whitlam proposing a moratorium on drilling on the reef and their support for a tropical marine science research centre for Townsville. The ensuing campaign was highly political, with Busst and his supporters linking the leases to the Queensland government through the shareholdings in Exoil No Liability held by a number of ministers as well as the Queensland Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen. The campaign broadened and pressed for the Australian Government to wrest control of the reef from the state. Despite failing health, Busst worked with trade unions and parliamentarians, notably Senator George Georges, to pressure the Queensland Government and the oil companies. He planned, and widely publicized, the issue of a writ on the Queensland Government on the grounds that it had colluded with business to promote drilling. Public support grew and the "Save the Reef" campaign attracted support from both sides of politics. The campaign became international as Busst dispatched up to 4,000 letters around the globe. In March 1970 an oil tanker ran aground in the Torres Strait and an alarmed federal government upgraded the Inquiry to a Royal Commission into mining in the Great Barrier Reef. In the meantime legislation was drafted for sovereign control over underwater resources on the Continental Shelf.</p><br>
<p>During these hard-fought campaigns waged during the 1960s to conserve Queenslands Great Barrier Reef and its tropical rainforests, Bussts house at Bingil Bay, Ninney Rise, became a centre for the movement. It hosted a range of influential visitors, including: politicians such as Harold Holt; noteworthy scientists such as marine biologist Dr Don McMichael, Japanese ornithologist Dr Jiro Kikkawa, rainforest ecologists Webb and Tracey, and United States marine collector and littoral zoologist Eddie Hegerl and his dive team; numerous conservation workers; and author Judith Wright. Wright, the inaugural president of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland in 1962, was intimately involved in the activism and documented it in her book The Coral Battleground, which she dedicated to Busst. In a letter to Wisenet in the 1990s Wright described Busst as "the man whose energy and devotion had first sparked off, and largely continued" the fight to save the reef.</p><br>
<p>Busst died in 1971 as he prepared his evidence for the Royal Commission. Wright composed the words for a memorial plaque at Bingil Bay overlooking the ocean just below Ninney Point, to commemorate his passionate commitment to conservation and nature. Four years later the Commonwealth took over management of the Great Barrier Reef with the establishment of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act and the world&#39;s largest marine protected area.</p><br>
<p>Alison Busst subdivided the land around Ninney Rise at Bingil Bay in 1975 and donated the northern rainforest headland around Ninney Point to the State of Queensland as Lot 115 NPW 502. Four years later she sold the house to an American conservationist, Kate Tode.</p><br>
<p>Kate Tode and friend, Jean Rentoul, moved into Ninney Rise in October 1979. Mrs Tode conserved the Bussts&#39; home and built an additional level above the garage at the northern end of the house. During the early 1980s she also arranged for the construction of a tool storage shed and driveway, the installation of a swimming pool, and re-tiled the bathrooms and kitchen. In 1982 Tode excised 3.8 hectares of the property, which she donated to the State. This was gazetted as National Park 1828 (now part of the Clump Mountain National Park) on 17 March 1984. At her death on 22 February 1990, Tode bequeathed the remainder of the property (including the house) to the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS). Ninney Rise passed to her executors in late 1993 and was handed over to QPWS in 1995.</p><br>
<p>In the early 2000s QPWS proposed to sell the property; however conservation groups successfully objected to various Queensland Ministers on the grounds that the place retained significant cultural and natural heritage values. In 2008, QPWS undertook some repairs to the building, mainly the verandah ceilings, floor and foundations. John and Alison Busst&#39;s former Bingil Bay residence remains the property of the people of Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Ninney Rise</h3><br>
<p>Ninney Rise is located on a 1.98 hectare block just south of Ninney Point at Bingil Bay approximately 160 kilometres south of Cairns and 35 kilometres south of Innisfail. The property comprises a main residence, separate garage, and extensive grounds that include indigenous rain forest and a landscaped garden with swimming pool, walkways and driveways. The site is bounded by Clump Mountain National Park to the north, an esplanade and Bingil Bay to the east, and residential properties to the south and west.</p><br>
<p>The house is accessed via an ascending driveway which winds northward from Alexandra Drive through park-like grounds with some mature trees. Adjacent to the house and covering the northern third of the lot is lush tropical lowland rainforest. The house and grounds, including an in-ground pool at the southern end of the house, are only 20 metres from the foreshore of Bingil Bay, and provide views to the Coral Sea. About 50 metres to the west of the house there is a concrete-block, hipped-roof structure containing garage with work area and water closet. Neither the swimming pool nor the garage is considered to contribute to the cultural heritage significance of the place.</p><br>
<p>The core of the house is T-shaped in plan and is aligned roughly north-south with the long eastern side facing the ocean.</p><br>
<p>The house is low-set with a core of load-bearing brickwork walls supporting a concrete ring beam to which the timber-framed roof, clad in metal sheeting, is fixed. The hipped roof extends over the core to form the verandah roof, which is supported by a concrete verandah plate on steel posts fixed to the suspended concrete verandah floor slab. The verandah slab is supported at its edge by concrete piers. At each corner of the verandah a brick supporting walls extends diagonally from the corner of the brick house foundations to the outside edge of the verandah slab. Three sets of concrete steps lead from the verandah to the garden: two on the front (eastern side) and one on the western side. The verandah floor and stairs are finished with tiles and the verandah ceiling is lined with split bamboo.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the core are of cavity brick, laid on edge in stretcher bond with a header brick every two or three bricks. The brick work pattern is a variation of the Rat-trap or Chinese bond with the bricks laid on edge, and laid with two stretcher bricks then one header brick joining the two skins of the wall together making an approximately 50 millimetre cavity. The walls are painted on the outside and rendered on the inside. Many of the exterior window and door frames are of painted timber but some have been replaced with aluminium frames and flyscreens.</p><br>
<p>Midway along the western side of the core a single-storeyed, hipped- roofed wing joins at right angles. This has a skillion extension on the northern side. At the northern end of the core adjoining what was formerly the northern verandah, there is a two-storeyed, hipped roof structure, consisting of a ground floor former garage above which is a later addition.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the house comprises a living room at the southern end, shaded by verandah on three sides, with glassed doors opening to the verandahs on the east and west and a picture window to the south. A hallway extends north from the living room. Off this hall, facing the sea is a bedroom with an ensuite bathroom, dining room, and kitchen. The dining room and kitchen also have doors opening to the east (front) verandah. The former northern verandah beyond the kitchen is now a breezeway and storage area, and a laundry has been created on the west verandah near the northern corner.</p><br>
<p>The rear (west) wing is accessed via a short hall at right angles to the main hallway. Opening off this secondary hall is a small bedroom to the south; a bathroom to the north; and a studio or bedroom to the west. This studio/bedroom has an ensuite bathroom accommodated under the skillion-roofed extension. The studio&#39;s main light comes from the south. From the secondary hall, between the two bathrooms, there is access to a small porch and beyond this to a brick-enclosed courtyard with an arched entry in the western wall.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of the kitchen, laundry and bathrooms, rooms have split bamboo ceilings with ceiling lights and fans set in patterned cane or bamboo panels. Architraves and skirtings are also of bamboo, as is the door into the studio. This use of split bamboo is a particularly striking feature of the house. A long strip of what appears to be batik is set into the studio ceiling. The interior timber-framed floor is lined generally with timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The northern two-storeyed section of the house consists of a large store room and garage on the ground floor with a living area, bedroom and bathroom on the upper level, accessed via an internal timber staircase. It is lined throughout with plasterboard.</p><br>
<h3>Busst Memorial</h3><br>
<p>The Busst Memorial is located on road reserve just below Ninney Point, close to the beach, approximately 200m north of John and Alison Busst&#39;s former home, Ninney Rise. It comprises a small brass plaque attached to a natural rock formation, with the plaque facing the ocean. The inscription on the plaque reads:IN MEMORY Of JOHN H BUSST DIED 5 - 4 - 1971 ARTIST AND LOVER OF BEAUTY WHO FOUGHT THAT MAN AND NATURE MIGHT SURVIVE</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ninney Rise and John Busst Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ninney Rise is significant as the base from which the artist and environmentalist John Busst organized the "Save the Reef" and other important environmental campaigns during the 1960s and early 1970s. Set within the landscape being fought for, it was a meeting place for the campaigners and scientists involved with him in these efforts and became a focal point for all their struggles. These deeply contentious campaigns were supported by local and international scientists and aimed to protect the Great Barrier Reef and the areas tropical rainforests from development and mining pressures. As influential in the formation of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and to the eventual declaration of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, these campaigns demonstrate the history of Queenslands environmental conservation movement with Busst&#39;s home at Bingil Bay a key place associated with this activism.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Ninney Rise, its park-like grounds within a strikingly beautiful area of coastal lowland rainforest and the property&#39;s views to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area have great aesthetic significance. The outlook from the place takes in this marine environment, which is now recognised for the outstanding natural universal values that John Busst fought to protect during the 1960s before these values had been widely recognised and appreciated.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>A home and a focal point for the early environmental conservation movement in Queensland, Ninney Rise is closely associated with the artist and eco-campaigner John Busst who designed and built it in. He worked intimately with the Australian Conservation Foundation, the Queensland Littoral Society (Australian Marine Conservation Society) and the Queensland Wildlife Preservation Society in the campaign to save the Great Barrier Reef. Busst&#39;s environmental activism illustrated his transition from being an artist interested in the aesthetics of nature to a conservationist promoting the ecological reasons to conserve the natural environment. The inscription on the memorial to John Busst near Ninney Point reflects his appreciation for art, nature and conservation.</p><br>
<p>The Wabasha County Poor House is a historic poorhouse complex in Wabasha, Minnesota, United States, which was operated by Wabasha County from 1873 to the 1930s. The complex consists of an 1879 hospital, an 1883 residence hall, a barn, and a shed. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of social history. It was nominated as a well-preserved example of the county-run poorhouses established in rural Minnesota in the latter 19th century, a reminder of early governmental efforts to aid the poor and aged before the advent of modern welfare programs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The residence hall is a two-story, L-shaped, brick structure on a limestone foundation. The principal façade is 76 ft long and the rear wing extends back 64 ft. Simple decoration along the cornice consists of a slightly corbelled parapet with recessed panels. A portico originally surmounted the main entrance, centrally placed on the main façade, but this was later replaced with an enclosed vestibule and a ramp.</p><br>
<p>Immediately north of the residence hall is the one-story brick hospital. It sits on a 20 by footprint. It has brick modillions decorating the eaveline and is topped by a truncated hip roof. A wooden lean-to addition extends to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1864 the Minnesota Legislature passed a law requiring each of the state&#39;s counties to provide a facility to care for their poor and aged residents. Wabasha County initially established its poor farm in 1867 on 160 acre in Hyde Park Township. However this quickly proved to be too isolated and large to manage efficiently, so the county secured 32 acre on the outskirts of Wabasha in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The main building on the property at that time was originally a barn that had been converted to a dance hall. Even though the owner had refitted the building at his own expense before selling it to the county for use as a poorhouse, it and the rest of the existing buildings were not adequate for their new use. These were gradually replaced with new, purpose-built structures, namely the hospital in 1879 and the residence hall in 1883. The latter building contained not only the residents&#39; rooms but a kitchen, a dining room, and quarters for the superintendent.</p><br>
<p>Welfare largely remained the responsibility of county governments and social organizations until the Great Depression of the 1930s, when federal Social Security was introduced. Citizens in local government facilities were not fully eligible for the new benefits, however, so many residents moved out of the poorhouse network. Wabasha County responded by privatizing the poorhouse, leasing it out as a for-profit rest home so residents could remain and collect federal benefits.</p><br>
<p>The facility closed as a rest home in 1952. It stood vacant for four years, but from 1956 into the 1980s the main building housed a restaurant and residence. The property remains one of the few intact examples of the 64 poorhouse facilities established in Minnesota from 1854 to 1926.</p><br>
<p>The East Poultney Historic District encompasses the historic center of the rural village of East Poultney, Vermont. The district is centered on the triangular green at the center of the village, and was developed mainly from the late 18th through mid-19th centuries, producing a village with strong Federal and Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Poultney was chartered in 1761 but not settled until 1771. East Poultney was its original town center, and thrived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with modest industrial activity powered by the Poultney River. The village was eclipsed in economic, and eventually civic importance by what was then known as West Poultney, and is now the village of Poultney. That village benefited by the presence of the major north-south route in the area (now Vermont Route 30), and the construction of the railroad. Growth and development in East Poultney was thereafter quite modest.</p><br>
<p>The district is centered on the triangular village green, which is bounded by Bird Street, On The Green, and East Main Street (Vermont Route 140). Parts of the district extend west along Main Street and east along River Street, which runs eastward just after On The Green (renamed Thrall Road) crosses the Poultney River. The village green is occupied in part by the East Poultney Baptist Church, a fine Federal period church designed by local builder Elisha Scott, whose work is found throughout the district. The only surviving remnant of the village&#39;s early industrial history is a c. 1810 blacksmith shop, which later housed an organ factory, and is now used by the Poultney Historical Society as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Homestead Historic District encompasses a cluster of residences built as a family compound by the locally prominent Perry family in Westerly, Rhode Island. Extending mainly along the northern part of Margin Street south of downtown Westerly, the area was developed in the 1920s, and includes five family residences, a caretakers house, and shared landscaping of a former gentlemans farm. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Perry compound occupies more than 8 acre south of the junction of Margin and Beach Streets, in a mainly residential area south of downtown Westerly. Four of the compound&#39;s six houses face Margin Street, and provide views of the Pawcatuck River, whose bank Margin Street runs along. Two of these house stand close to the corner with Beach Street, and are separated from the other two by an open area that has been landscaped. A shared drive encircles this open area, providing access to the houses and outbuildings of the compound. Although some of the houses were built in the 19th century, most bear some elements of the Colonial Revival due to the activities of the Perrys in the 1910s and 1920s. The Lewis-Card-Perry House, separately listed on the National Register, retains in 18th century appearance, having undergone restoration in the 1920s under the guidance of Norman Isham.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Thomas Perry (a relative of Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry) purchased 100 acre of land south of the village center of Westerly. Perry and his descendants played a major role in the development of Westerly as a business and shipping center in the 19th century, and into the 20th century, and also occupied prominent roles in the civic activities of the community. In the second half of the 19th century, three of Perrys sons operated a gentlemans farm on this property, and either built houses or moved them onto the fringes of the property. Charles Perry, Jr., a grandson of Thomas Perry, oversaw transformation of the farm into a landscaped family compound between about 1890 and 1930. The older houses were for the most part updated with Colonial Revival styling, the Lewis-Card-Perry House was restored, and the grounds were landscaped by Warren H. Manning.</p><br>
<p>The Wabasha Commercial Historic District is a designation applied to the historic downtown of Wabasha, Minnesota, United States. It comprises 52 contributing properties built from 1856 to 1928. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for the integrity of its cohesive design and its continuity of use as a commercial district since the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wabasha Commercial Historic District is situated on a fluvial terrace parallel to the Mississippi River. Encompassing about 10 acre, it stretches three and a half blocks along Wabasha&#39;s Main Street to the width of one block on either side, with a slight extension to the southwest along Pembroke Avenue. Of the 59 buildings included in the district upon its designation in 1982, all but 15 dated to the latter half of the 19th century. The district primarily comprises commercial buildings, though the western end includes several residential houses.</p><br>
<p>The commercial buildings are largely consistent in design. Nearly all stand two stories tall, with brick walls or façades, and featuring a commercial adaptation of Italianate architecture. Their ornamentation is largely restrained to simple brick cornices, stone window sills and keystones, and a modest variety of window styles.</p><br>
<p>One contributing property, the Hurd House–Anderson Hotel, had been individually listed on the National Register in 1978. Eight buildings were considered non-contributing properties because they were constructed or significantly altered outside the period or style of the rest of the district.</p><br>
<p>The Rice Valley is a valley of the southeastern Mojave Desert, located within Riverside County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rice Valley is a mostly endorheic valley filled with bajadas from neighboring mountain ranges draining into Rice Dry Lake, and sand dune fields formed by northwest and westerly winds.</p><br>
<p>In the non-endorheic southeast region of Rice Valley the small drainage named Big Wash seasonally flows out between the Big Maria Mountains on the south, and the West Riverside Mountains on the north, to its mouth on the Colorado River on the west side of the Parker Valley.</p><br>
<p>The endorheic Ward Valley, adjacent on the northwest, has Danby Dry Lake as its lowpoint. Southwest across neighboring mountain ranges are the endorheic Palen Valley with Palen Dry Lake as its lowpoint, and Chuckwalla Valley with Ford Dry Lake as its lowpoint.</p><br>
<p>California State Route 62 is an east/west highway passing through the valley.</p><br>
<h3>Rice Valley Wilderness Area</h3><br>
<p>The Rice Valley Wilderness Area is within Rice Valley, managed by the Bureau of Land Management-BLM. The Big Maria Mountains Wilderness Area is adjacent on the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rice Army Airfield is an abandoned World War II airfield of the Desert Training Center in the valley. It was the proposed site of the Rice Solar Energy Project, put on indefinite hold in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The former Rice Shoe Tree was located in Rice, a former town around a Santa Fe Railroad siding in the valley. The Shoe Tree burned down in 2003, and was replaced by the present day Rice Shoe Garden along a fence.</p><br>
<p>Stone Bridge, Dalrymple Gap Track is a heritage-listed road bridge at Valley of Lagoons Road, Damper Creek, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1864 to 1865. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone and brick culvert near Dalrymple Gap, south of Damper Creek, was constructed in late 1864/early 1865, and is understood to have been part of the first major civil engineering work undertaken in North Queensland: the construction of the Dalrymple Gap Track linking Cardwell to its hinterland and the Valley of Lagoons on the upper Burdekin River.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, explorer George Elphinstone Dalrymple, in partnership with Arthur and Walter Scott, had taken up the Valley of Lagoons run, which was separated from the coast by two densely forested mountain ranges - the eastern range now known as Cardwell Range, and the inner Seaview Range. Early in 1864 Dalrymple, with Queensland Government sanction though not funding, sailed from Port Denison (Bowen) to Rockingham Bay/Port Hinchinbrook, where he established a settlement to be named Cardwell, then turned his attention to finding a dray route west to the interior and the Valley of Lagoons. After an initial unsuccessful attempt to penetrate the Cardwell Range near Meunga Creek, Dalrymple discovered an Aboriginal path leading directly to what became known as Dalrymple Gap, between Mount Leach and Mount Arthur Scott, about 10 miles south of the settlement at Port Hinchinbrook. Beyond lay the Herbert River valley, and beyond this the Seaview Range, which was crossed with considerable difficulty to reach the Valley of Lagoons on the Burdekin. On their return journey, Dalrymple&#39;s party cleared, and in parts formed, a rough dray track to the coast.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of 1864, the Queensland government allocated £2,000 to fund further work on the road. In late 1864, a government road party was dispatched to Cardwell. On arrival, Dalrymple proceeded with Mr Conlan, the road party overseer, to mark out the route to be formed through Dalrymple&#39;s Gap to the Vale of Herbert station, reducing the length of road from 36 miles to 28 miles. Mr Conlan and party then worked on the ascent of Dalrymple Gap on the coast side. The western side of the route was let out in three sections, each of 1½ miles, to hasten completion of the project.</p><br>
<p>By 20 January 1865, the government road party had completed a road of easy gradient from the bottom to the top of the pass on the coast side. It is probable that the bridge was constructed during this period, because Dalrymple reported in a letter of 22 February 1865 that work on the road would be completed by the end of March, including the felling of timber, removal of obstructions, and crossings of creeks made, including the construction of " substantial culverts" where necessary.</p><br>
<p>The Dalrymple Gap Track had its heaviest use in the period 1864-1872. In the late 1860s and early 1870s pastoralists and sugar-growers took up the Herbert River valley, and by early 1871 nearly 100 people were resident on the Herbert. A bridle track was found from the Herbert to Cardwell via Cardwell Gap (then Victoria Pass), which subsequently was formed into a dray road. After this opened in October 1872 there was little need for the much steeper route over Dalrymple Gap, although Cardwell Divisional Board funded occasional maintenance work until the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Forest Service has managed the Dalrymple Gap Track since 1987. Most of the track, including the stone bridge/culvert, was included within the Lumholtz National Park (now the Girrigun National Park) gazetted in 1992. It remains a popular bushwalking track. The bridge underwent conservation work in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone bridge on the Dalrymple Gap Track is situated on the eastern side of Cardwell Range approximately 200 metres from Dalrymple&#39;s Gap, on the old road between Cardwell and the Valley of Lagoons. It traverses the deep, narrow valley of Damper Creek, at about the 300 metres contour, and in form is a brick-lined culvert set in a stonework embankment.</p><br>
<p>The embankment measures approximately 6 metres wide at the top (the road surface) by 20 metres long, and is 5.5 metres high on the upstream side and 7 metres high on the downstream side. It is constructed of stone rubble and soft mortar, and has a single circular conduit of approximately 1.5 metres in diameter to carry water under the roadway during the wet season. This conduit is lined with a double layer of bricks.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stone Bridge, Dalrymple Gap Track was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Bridge, a culvert on the early dray road over Dalrymple&#39;s Gap, is important in illustrating the early development of this area in the mid-1860s when the connection of pastoral properties on the Tableland with the coast and the establishment of a port were vital to permit development.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has an association with the life and work of George Dalrymple an early explorer in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as the oldest remaining stone bridge/culvert in Queensland and the earliest surviving civil engineering work in mainland North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The bridge remains substantially intact, and is an excellent example of mid-19th century culvert construction in difficult terrain.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value, and the picturesque scenery made accessible to the visitor by the establishment of the road in 1864-65, has been admired since the earliest days of European settlement, being a popular site for picnics in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Cardwell Divisional Board Hall is a heritage-listed former town hall at 51 Victoria Street, Cardwell, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as the Cardwell Shire Chambers, Cardwell Shire Hall, JC Hubinger Memorial Museum, JC Hubinger Museum, and JC Hubinger Memorial Hall. The hall and its World War I honour roll were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 March 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cardwell Divisional Board Hall was originally constructed in 1892 and is located within an early government precinct on Victoria Street, Cardwell. Very few purpose-built divisional board halls or offices survive in Queensland. The timber building became the Cardwell Shire Hall in 1903, and a marble honour board was added in 1922. After the Cardwell Shire Councils administrative functions moved to Tully in 1929 the hall was used by the Queensland Country Womens Association (QCWA) and later the Returned Sailors Soldiers and Airmen&#39;s Imperial League of Australia (RSSAILA) before becoming a library from 1989-2008. It is now part of the Cardwell Bush Telegraph Heritage Centre and is called the JC Hubinger Museum.</p><br>
<p>European settlement of the Cardwell district began in January 1864 when a small party landed at Rockingham Bay. The expedition was a private initiative led by George Elphinstone Dalrymple and backed by the Queensland Government. Dalrymple hoped to establish the first Queensland port north of Bowen, which he had helped establish in 1861, and a viable route between the coast and his pastoral run Valley of Lagoons, which was taken up in 1863. Between February and April 1864 Dalrymple journeyed to Valley of Lagoons and returned to the coast, establishing a dray road later called the Dalrymple Gap Track. Initially known as Port Hinchinbrook, the new town was declared a port of entry in May 1864, but Governor Bowen later changed the name to Cardwell, in honour of Edward Cardwell, the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies.</p><br>
<p>Section 42 of the new town, between Victoria, Balliol, Bowen and Clitheroe Streets, was set aside for government purposes, and included the school, a police reserve, the Post and Telegraph Office, and later the Divisional Board Hall. The district was promoted by both Governor Bowen and Dalrymple, and initially it began to prosper. Money was provided for upgrading the Dalrymple Gap Track in 1864-65 and in the early 1870s a large jetty and a courthouse were built at Cardwell. However, Cardwells potential as a sheltered, deep water port was never realised. The presence of the Cardwell Range behind the town hindered access to the interior and offshore shallows hampered larger ships. Cardwell was soon overshadowed by Townsville, which was declared a port of entry in 1865. From 1869 the goldfields of the counties of Gilbert and Etheridge provided a stimulus for several years, as Cardwell became the terminus for the gold escort, but there was little shipping trade. By 1876 Cardwells population was still only 150.</p><br>
<p>Despite the lack of development, the government established a number of services in Cardwell, thereby becoming the main industry in the town and guaranteeing its continued existence. By the mid 1870s a pilots quarters, police barracks and lock-up, a Lands Office, combined Court/Customs House, Telegraph Office (now the Cardwell Bush Telegraph), sub-collectors (of customs) residence and provisional school existed at Cardwell.</p><br>
<p>The town also became the centre of local government for the district when the Cardwell Divisional Board was created in 1884, breaking away from the Hinchinbrook Divisional Board. Local government in Queensland evolved in several phases. The first phase, 1859–79, was a system of permissive municipal incorporation, where local residents could petition for the establishment of a local authority, under the Municipalities Act 1858, (NSW), and later the Queensland Municipal Institutions Act 1864 and Provincial Councils Act 1864. By 1878, 18 towns and cities had been incorporated in Queensland. Regional areas were serviced only in part by a system of Road Boards, which had been established under the Department of Works. Consequently, the central government was regularly required to legislate on local community issues. The subsequent pressure on members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly to secure resources for their electorate led to widespread accusations of corruption.</p><br>
<p>The second phase of local government was shaped by the Local Government Act 1878, and the Divisional Boards Act 1879, following expansion of closer settlement in Queensland. Instead of citizens petitioning for local government, the colonial government imposed local government on citizens. The 1878 Act established towns, cities and shires (the latter being closely settled areas close to towns or cities); while the 1879 Act created divisional boards to cover rural Queensland outside the towns, cities and shires. Each division was governed by a board of no less than 3 and no more than 9 members. Pugh&#39;s Almanac for 1880 listed a total 62 divisional boards (elected and appointed up to 23 February 1880), while 77 boards were listed the following year. The initial divisions often proved ineffective (largely due to size) and were progressively revised so that by 1902 there were 116 divisional boards throughout Queensland. Divisional boards either built halls or offices, or used pre-existing premises. Of the divisional boards listed in 1902, only 38 were reported as meeting at a divisional hall.</p><br>
<p>The third phase saw the abolition of divisional boards and the older form of shire by the Local Authorities Act 1902, which created a simpler system of towns, cities and shires. The divisional boards became shire councils on 31 March 1903.</p><br>
<p>When the Cardwell Divisional Board was proclaimed it covered an area of 7000 square miles (18,130 square kilometres), from Mourilyan Harbour to Haycock Island and inland in a south-west direction towards Charters Towers. Although the authority contained 500 rateable properties and at least 212 ratepayers, only 1 nomination was received for the 8 available elected positions (6 members and 2 auditors). The positions were eventually filled by Governor appointment (upon the recommendation of the police magistrate) but the sheer size of the division, seasonal difficulties and the business demands of the board members meant that meetings were difficult to organise and attendance rates were often poor. In 1891 the population of Cardwell was only 139.</p><br>
<p>The new Cardwell Divisional Board met in the 2-storey 1870s courthouse in Cardwell, the first Thursday of every other month, until the building was badly damaged in a March 1890 cyclone. The replacement courthouse was much smaller, necessitating the construction of a new public building for divisional board meetings and other community functions. This was erected on the allotment to the north-west of the courthouse in 1892-93, as a dual-propose facility. The amount spent on the new hall, as reported in the Cardwell Divisional Board&#39;s accounts covering 1 January 1892 to 30 June 1893, was £320/3/10. Inside the hall, a stage and associated facilities were provided at the south-west end, and a work and storage room existed as a rear annex until the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the Cardwell Divisional Board became the Cardwell Shire Council and the hall continued in use as the shire chambers. In April 1922 the Honor Board Committee wrote to the Shire Council for permission to have the honour roll erected, either in the hall or on the verandah. Councillor Blackman moved that "permission be granted to place the slab on the wall at the back of the stage and alongside the machine gun". The roll of honour, listing those men and women of the district who had served, and 2 men who had been killed, in World War I, was carved into a heavy marble honour board by Melrose and Fenwick of Townsville. A special structure was required to transport the honour board and the Cardwell Shire Council agreed to pay for the installation. The foundations of the supporting timber frame went into the ground under the stage and the "particularly fine Roll of Honor " was officially unveiled by Premier Ted Theodore in May 1922. Another Cardwell World War I memorial, a column by Melrose and Fenwick, was also built in the early 1920s and stands near the jetty.</p><br>
<p>Despite Cardwells early promise, its time as the administrative heart of the Cardwell Shire was almost over. During the 1920s Cardwell was economically eclipsed by the sugar-mill town of Tully, surveyed in 1924. The suggestion "would it not be fitting to name the streets of the Tully town after those who made the supreme sacrifice and those who were prepared to sacrifice their lives for their country?" was published in The Cairns Post in January 1927, and Tullys streets were named after those listed on the roll of honour in the Cardwell hall. In 1929 the administration of Cardwell Shire was transferred to Tully, where a new shire hall was soon constructed. The Cardwell Shire later became part of the Cassowary Coast Region, headquartered in Innisfail, in 2008. However, the honour board remained in the Cardwell hall, and in 1931 Tully had to be content with a photograph of the honour board being shown at its ANZAC Day service.</p><br>
<p>After the Cardwell Shire Council vacated the hall, it was leased to the Queensland branch of the County Womens Association, effective from 12 July 1929. The QCWA applied to the Railway Department for electric light to be extended to the hall, but this does not seem to have occurred before 1936. In 1931 the QCWA also moved the timber front doors of the hall to the rear of the building. Despite the QCWA lease, the hall was still used for ceremonies by the Cardwell sub-branch of the RSSILA before being gifted by the Cardwell Shire to the sub-branch as the "Diggers Memorial Hall" at midnight, New Years Eve 1945-1946.</p><br>
<p>Other community uses of the former divisional hall over the years have included entertaining visiting politicians, electioneering, auctions of properties forfeited for non-payment of rates, and dances. During World War II, a section of the Tully Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC) was billeted in the hall during a recruiting visit in April 1942. Musical and theatrical productions were also held at the hall, some of which left graffiti of their visits on the walls of staging rooms - the oldest is by the Musical Carlsons, who played there on 22 June 1925.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s the condition of the well-used hall had deteriorated and concerns were raised about its future. Community sentiment strongly supported its retention, even though a new community centre was proposed for Cardwell. Following public representations it was decided to restore the hall as a 1988 Bicentennial Project, jointly funded by the Cardwell Shire Council, the Queensland Government and the Australian Bicentennial Authority. The works included restumping, re-flooring and demolition of the original rear annex due to extensive dry-rot. Proposals to move the honour board at this time were opposed by the community.</p><br>
<p>The hall was officially reopened in January 1989 as the JC Hubinger Memorial Library. It was named in honour of Johann Christian Hubinger, who was Chairman of the Cardwell Divisional Board and the Cardwell Shire Council 15 times. In the early 1890s Hubinger, a German migrant to Queensland, was listed in Pugh&#39;s Almanac as a butcher, baker, storekeeper and insurance agent for South British in Cardwell.</p><br>
<p>By 1989 the form of the hall appeared essentially the same as it had in 1911; except that the cross bracing pattern in the balustrading had changed; the verandah posts had lost their decorative capitals; handrails had been added to the stairs; the timber framework of the small gable in the front verandah had been sheeted over and the finial removed; a concrete ramp had been added to access the side of the front verandah and the picket fence had been removed. Four of the 6 sash windows on each side of the hall were also replaced with casement windows at some stage.</p><br>
<p>The JC Hubinger Memorial Library also functioned as a museum, and the local Returned and Services League used the stage area for a display of memorabilia and photographs. Cardwell&#39;s former courthouse and 1907 lock-up were relocated to the rear of the former divisional hall by 2003. The library moved to a new location in Balliol Street in 2008, but the hall continued to function as a museum within the Cardwell Bush Telegraph Heritage Centre, which includes the former courthouse, lock-up and Post and Telegraph Office. The hall was also used for the annual ANZAC Day dawn service until it was heavily damaged by Cyclone Yasi in February 2011.</p><br>
<p>Due to public support for retaining the hall, and for keeping the honour board there, it was extensively rebuilt in its original form, retaining original fabric in the stage area. The honour board was remounted on its original supporting frame and the hall was officially reopened on 20 October 2012. The only original features to survive the cyclone damage were the stage, dressing rooms, honour roll, and the Cardwell Shire Council table.</p><br>
<p>Few other divisional board halls survive in Queensland, as most were simple timber buildings that were demolished or sold as local government facilities were upgraded. Other known surviving divisional board halls or offices are:</p><br>
<p>Toombul Divisional Board Hall, built 1891, later the Toombul Shire Hall at Nundah, City of Brisbane</p><br>
<p>Pine Divisional Board Hall, built 1889, later the Pine Rivers Shire Hall) at Strathpine, Moreton Bay Region</p><br>
<p>Rawbelle Divisional Board Hall at Gayndah, North Burnett Region</p><br>
<p>Caboolture Divisional Board Hall, built 1883, later moved to the Caboolture Historical Village, Caboolture, Moreton Bay Region</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Cardwell Divisional Board Hall is located at the southern end of the Cardwell business district on the main street, Victoria Street, adjacent to the former Telegraph Office (now Cardwell Bush Telegraph). Facing north-east toward, and across the road from, the beach and the Coral Sea, the hall is centrally positioned on its allotment, set back from all boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The hall is a modest, symmetrical, single storey timber building, low- set on timber stumps, clad in weatherboards, with a hipped roof of corrugated metal sheeting and eaves lined with timber battens. Its front verandah has a skillion roof with central gable supported on pairs of posts demarcating the entrance, and a cross-braced balustrade. Openings are symmetrically positioned around the building with: double-hung sash windows on the front elevation either side of a pair of panelled entrance doors; 6 windows to each side elevation - 4 pairs of casement windows between double-hung sash windows at each end; and 2 pairs of panelled doors at the rear. The rainwater disposal system comprises slotted quad gutter and PVC downpipes.</p><br>
<p>The hall interior is lined with beaded tongue-and-groove boards and houses a raised timber stage at the rear, flanked by 2 small rooms, and a room in the north-east corner near the entrance formed by partial height partitions. At the entrance, a portion of the ceiling is flat with the remaining coved ceiling featuring timber fretwork roses and steel tie-rods. Varnished timber stairs with matching railings lead from the hall to the stage where a large rouge and white marble memorial honour board listing the names of 26 men and 2 nurses from Cardwell who served in World War I is fixed to the rear wall. The honour board features simplified classical architectural elements (columns, entablature, and pediment) and is prominently positioned within the hall, supported on a substantial timber frame. Loose furniture in the hall includes the original table used by the Cardwell Divisional Board. This table, the honour board and the original stage area of the hall are of particular heritage significance, as is the scale and form of the hall itself.</p><br>
<p>Within the grounds, 2 large trees are located along the boundary with the former telegraph office. A concrete access ramp located on the north-west side of the verandah provides access to both the street and to a detached toilet facility. These structures are not of cultural heritage significance. Behind the hall are two detached timber structures (a former courthouse and a former lock-up) that do not form part of this heritage listing but are of local heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cardwell Divisional Board Hall and its Honour Board were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 March 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cardwell Divisional Board Hall, originally constructed in 1892, is important in demonstrating the origins and development of local government in Queensland. Very few purpose-built divisional board halls survive in Queensland, and the halls simple form and small scale are indicative of the role and limited resources of the early divisional boards. The halls location is also important surviving evidence of the administrative role of Cardwell as the main town in the Cardwell Shire prior to the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The World War I (WWI) memorial honour board is a record of Queenslands involvement in a major world event. WWI memorials, including honour boards, are a tribute to those who served, and those who died, from a particular community. Often the focus of ANZAC Day ceremonies, they are an important element of Queenslands towns and cities and are also important in demonstrating a common pattern of commemoration across Queensland and Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Cardwell WWI honour board is an excellent example of its type. It is located in a prominent position within the hall and is an opulent example for a small community. It is made of fine quality marble and employs classical architectural elements to display, in a dignified and sombre manner, a list of 26 men and 2 nurses who served from the local community. The listing of nurses on an honour board is rare in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Cardwell WWI honour board is important for its aesthetic significance as a thoughtfully designed, classically composed tablet, finely crafted using contrasting rouge and white marble with gilded and leaded lettering. Prominently displayed at the stage end of the hall, it provides a dignified focus for the remembrance of those involved in this major world event.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Cardwell Divisional Board Hall has a long and special connection with the people of the Cardwell District. Its numerous public functions as an administrative centre, theatre, Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association Hall, ANZAC Day ceremonial site, reception venue, library and museum have generated strong community associations. Community attachment to the hall ensured its survival in the late 1980s when it was threatened with demolition, and also ensured that it was rebuilt after cyclone Yasi in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Local attachment to the hall&#39;s honour board reflects the wider reverence felt for such memorials across Australia. As a focus for ANZAC Day ceremonies it is highly valued by the community for its spiritual, symbolic, cultural and social associations.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ericsson is a 13,589 ft summit on the Kings-Kern Divide, a part of the Great Western Divide. It marks the boundary between Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park. Water falling on the north slopes flow into the Kings River by way of Bubbs Creek while the southern slopes form the headwaters of the Kern River.</p><br>
<p>The summit was first reached in 1896 by Bolton and Lucy Brown who climbed the easy west ridge from Lucy&#39;s Foot Pass, a col, west of the summit. They named it Crag Ericsson "in honor of Captn John Ericsson … in recognition of its extremely craggy character." John Ericsson was the engineer and inventor who designed and built the Monitor. The name was submitted to the USA Geographic Board by the National Park Service. The Board accepted the name Mount Ericsson in 1928. The name Ericsson Crags did appear on the 15 minute Mount Whitney map and the name Crag Ericsson appears on the Mount Ericsson GNIS page. as a variant name.</p><br>
<p>On the ridge that extends to the north from the main summit, there a number craggy sub-peaks known as the Ericsson Crags. Most of the climbing routes here are or better.</p><br>
<p>The Hunua Falls are on the Wairoa River in the Auckland Region of New Zealand, near Hunua. The land around was bought by Auckland for water supplies between 1940 and 1960. The mean flow of water downstream at Clevedon is 2.6 m&sup3;/s, but can vary greatly, as illustrated in.</p><br>
<h2>Natural features</h2><br>
<p>The Wairoa River falls over a basalt lava plug. Volcanic tuff rings and lava bombs are visible in the east wall of the waterfall.</p><br>
<p>Several herbs have been identified near the falls - water starwort (Callitriche petriei), Crassula hunua, water pennywort (Hydrocotyle microphylla), wood-sorrel (Oxalis magellanica).</p><br>
<p>The Wairoa has smaller falls. Lily Falls (also known as Wairoa Falls) were described as 70 ft high and 3 mi downstream from Hunua, in the Wairoa Gorge. A appeared in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>As well as tracks to the Hunua Ranges, there are two 30 minute walks; and the. The cliffs are used for abseiling.</p><br>
<p>The Grant Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Grant, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The historic district covers the town&#39;s central business district. Grant is a small town located in northeast Montgomery County in the southwest quadrant of the state. It was plated in 1858, and it was known as Milford until the early 20th century even though its post office was Grant. While not on a railroad, the town was still able to maintain a viable commercial district.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a mix of commercial buildings, a fraternal club, a Methodist church, residential and industrial structures. The lone civic building is the non-contributing fire station. There are an unusual number of frame commercial structures, and brick buildings that primarily house automobile-related businesses. Because of this, the district "reflects the growing importance of the automobile as a mode of</p><br>
<p>transportation and its impact on Iowa&#39;s Main Streets." Second Street and U Avenue are the contributing structures in the historic district. The period of significance is from 1871 to 1952, and the buildings are constructed during that time frame. Late 19th and early 20th-century revival styles and the Italianate style are dominant.</p><br>
<p>The William and Amanda J. Ellis Farmstead Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located near Elliott, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. William and Amanda Jane Ellis owned this farm from 1882 to 1919. During that time the Queen Anne style house with Stick influences and the heavy timber frame barn were built. Both were constructed around 1900. Two garages are the non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The two-story, frame house is a T-plan structure with five gables. Four of the gables are decorated with knob-like beads and rosettes. The barn is three bays wide with a broken gable type roof with shed-gables. The central section is taller than its flanking sheds. The style was popular from 1900 into the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Banfield Memorial Reserve and Grave is a heritage-listed lone grave at Dunk Island, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1923 to 1933. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Situated on Dunk Island in far north Queensland, the grave was made in 1923 for the remains of the renowned author and naturalist, Edmund James (Ted) Banfield. The cairn erected over it soon after and the memorial reserve established around it in 1971, honour the man popularly known as "The Beachcomber" for his set of internationally successful books about its native flora and fauna. In the early twentieth century Banfield made a significant contribution to the conservation of not only Dunk Island but the entire Family Islands group situated off the coast from Mission Beach, of which it is a part, as well as popularising a particular kind of tourism in this part of the Great Barrier Reef that would later be termed eco-tourism.</p><br>
<p>Edmund (Ted) James Banfield was born on 4 September 1852 in Liverpool, England. His family emigrated to Australia in 1858 after his father found a job printing a news-sheet on the Ararat goldfields in Victoria. Ted Banfield eventually followed his father into journalism, but his particular passions were the study of nature and reading. He was strongly influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862), an American philosopher, essayist and poet whose most famous book was Walden or Life in the Woods published in 1854 and whose best known essay was On the Duty of Civil Disobedience first published in 1849. Thoreau became well known for his ideas about living close to nature and developing self-reliance within it, as well as those pertaining to the deficiencies of state power. Banfield later credited his reading of Thoreau&#39;s work with giving him the impetus to search out new experiences.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, after working at newspapers in Melbourne, Sydney and Penrith, Banfield accepted a job as sub-editor of the Townsville Daily Bulletin. This position bought him into contact with prominent North Queensland separationists such as Robert Philp, Thomas Hollis Hopkins and Thankful Willmett. He became a passionate supporter of the separation movement and dedicated much of his own time to writing supportive editorials. In 1884 he travelled to England to seek specialist medical treatment for an eye injured in childhood. To pay for his fare with the British-India Steam Navigation Company he wrote a series, entitled "Homeward Bound", of seven articles promoting the northern sea route to England via the Torres Strait. While in England Banfield met Bertha Golding, who in 1886 emigrated to Townsville where they married.</p><br>
<p>Banfield continued his support of the north Queensland separation movement through the organisation of fund-raising functions; however during the 1890s his health deteriorated. To aid his recuperation, in 1896 the Banfields camped with friends on Dunk Island, the most northerly of the Family Islands group off Mission Beach. His renewed strength from this experience inspired him to look for a home among the Family Islands group, finally settling on Dunk Island where in September he leased a small area for 30 years at a nominal annual rental.</p><br>
<p>Diagnosed as tubercular and suffering nervous collapse, Banfield resigned from the North Queensland Newspaper Co. and he and his wife moved to the island on 28 September 1897, initially for a six-month trial. They and a manservant were the only Europeans in residence on the island; camping in tents and later clearing a small portion of land for a prefabricated hut and a plantation.</p><br>
<p>With greatly improved health Banfield settled into improving the property, constructing a home using timber obtained from the Cutten Brother&#39;s timber mill at Bingil Bay on the mainland, and planting sprouting coconuts to form a long avenue of palms from the house down to the beach. On 4 January 1900 he applied for and was granted a selection of 320 acres on the western side of Dunk Island. When the selection was surveyed in mid-1899 improvements already comprised a house within a fenced yard, overlooking Brammo Bay to the north-west, and five other structures including a hut and fowl house. To the south of the house was a large swamp; to the north and surrounded by dense scrub there was a cleared cultivation area with coconut palms. In 1905 improvements to the property were valued at £390, and comprised: an iron-roofed, timber-clad house with wooden floors and detached kitchen with thatched roofed; a laundry clad and floored with hardwood; an iron-roofed storehouse with a hardwood frame and flooring; a stockyard; a goat and fowl shed; an extent of post and wire fencing and wire netting; 95 citrus trees; and six acres of land cleared for cultivation.</p><br>
<p>From early 1898 Banfield kept a daily record of his life on Dunk Island. He observed the rhythms of the island, paying particular attention to the indigenous flora and fauna and to the way the local Aborigines interacted with the environment. The Bandjin and Djiru people were the traditional owners of the Family Islands, and Banfield developed a close relationship with them, observing their customs and way of life, and learning from them about the island habitat. He also recorded the Aboriginal names for various features, places, flora and fauna on the island and commissioned a survey plan of the island marked with this nomenclature. His recording of these details was particularly timely, as the local Aboriginal population was removed to missions in the early twentieth century (possibly the Hull River Settlement before 1918, and then to Palm Island).</p><br>
<p>Sir Matthew Nathan, Governor of Queensland from December 1920 to September 1925, took an interest in Banfield&#39;s work on Dunk Island. Nathan had a particular interest in the study of the Great Barrier Reef, as well as local history and the origin of place names in Queensland and was involved from 1922 in the planning, organisation and financing of the British Great Barrier Reef expedition of 1928 to 1929.</p><br>
<p>Banfield began to focus on protecting distinct bird habitats and this concern for birds prompted him to write to Robert Philp, Premier of Queensland from 1899 to 1903 and from 1907 to 1908, and propose that the Family Islands be declared a sanctuary for them. He offered to support this proposal by assuming the role of Honorary Warden of the Isles in order to uphold the aims of the Native Birds Protection Act 1877. The islands were proclaimed a Reserve for the Protection and Preservation of Native Birds on 10 May 1905, and Banfield was gazetted as Honorary Ranger on 24 June 1905.</p><br>
<p>Banfield maintained a steady writing schedule, documenting his experiences and observations, and selling publications to supplement his meagre income. In addition to articles promoting the separation movement, he also wrote Within the Barrier: Tourist Guide to the North Queensland Coast which was commissioned by the Queensland Government and published in 1907 by Thankful Willmett and Sons. In 1908 he published Confessions of a Beachcomber which proved to be his most successful work and was translated widely. Part diary, anthropological study, natural science notebook and homage to the island, Confessions was dubbed a "classic for naturalists" by Nature magazine and Banfield became widely known as "The Beachcomber". He wrote three other books that focused on Dunk Island: My Tropic Isle; Tropic Days and Last Leaves from Dunk Island, which was published posthumously in 1925 and edited by naturalist Alexander Hugh Chisholm, publisher and author of many books on Australia&#39;s flora and fauna between 1922 and 1966. Last Leaves contained detailed observations about the impact of the devastating 1918 cyclone on the island and surrounding area. Many of the writing contained in these books had been published as articles in the Townsville Daily Bulletin, The North Queensland Register and the Queensland Geographical Journal.</p><br>
<p>At the time of his death due to appendicitis in 1923, at the age of 70, Banfield was a well known author, his passing being reported in The Argus and the Sydney Morning Herald. At the 1929 Australian Writers Festival, Chisholm noted that Banfield&#39;s work had "won a chorus of posthumous approval from every part of the world". His writings captured the imagination of artists, naturalists, recluses and tourists both in Australia and internationally - many of whom visited the island both during his lifetime (including the Australian Governor-General Ronald Munro Ferguson and his wife Lady Helen Munro Ferguson in 1920), and after his death.</p><br>
<p>Spenser McTaggart Hopkins, the son of separationist Thomas Hollis Hopkins, buried Banfield on his Dunk Island selection, on elevated ground north of the house, and erected a cairn over the grave. He also commissioned a marble tablet for the cairn, inscribed with a quote from Thoreau. Bertha Banfield lived for another ten years, spending her time between Townsville and Victoria. When she died in 1933, Spenser Hopkins placed her ashes by her husband&#39;s grave and added a second tablet to the cairn. The grave has remained intact on Dunk Island despite changing ownership and land use.</p><br>
<p>After Banfields death his Dunk Island property was transferred to his wife Bertha Banfield, then in 1931 to her and Spenser McTaggart Hopkins as tenants in common, and after Berths death, to Hopkins as sole owner. During this period a manager was installed to oversee the increasing number of tourists visiting the island. Photographs from the 1920s indicate that the land between the house and the beach had been cleared; tent accommodation had been erected in the grounds; and cattle were being run on the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 the non-alienated parts of Dunk Island or about two thirds of its area, which Banfield had worked passionately to protect, was proclaimed as a reserve for national park and is now part of the Family Islands National Park.</p><br>
<p>The remaining part of Dunk Island focussed on Brammo Bay to the north was developed as a tourist resort from the 1930s. Apparently a Captain Robert Brassey purchased the Banfield property in 1934 and by 1937 a number of small, prefabricated, low-set, fibrous-cement clad cottages had been constructed by the family on the grassed area between the Banfield house and the beach.</p><br>
<p>Close to the beach a modest, semi-enclosed timber structure with a hipped roof of corrugated iron served as the hotel bar. During World War II the Royal Australian Air Force used these facilities and also constructed an airstrip, a radar station and swing bridge on the property. Title to 107 acres (43ha) at the northern end of Banfields selection was transferred to Hugo Brassey (son of Capt. R Brassey) in 1948. From 1946 he had leased out the resort. In 1957 title to the property was acquired by Gordon and Kathleen Stynes, who refurbished the resort and upgraded the airstrip. In 1963-64, Avis Rent-A-Car took over the resort and began marketing the island to international tourists. During the 1970s P&O Resorts, through their company Great Barrier Reef Hotels Pty, and Trans Australian Airlines (TAA, later to become Australian Airlines) purchased and redeveloped the resort. The only structure known to survive from Banfields time on the island is the cairn marking his grave and that of his wife.</p><br>
<p>On 28 January 1971, an Order-in-Council gazetted a block of 47.9 perches (1212 sqm) of land surrounding Banfields grave as a Reserve for Museum (Banfield Memorial) Purposes, with the University College of Townsville, later James Cook University, appointed as trustee. Mr Eric McIlree, Chairman and Managing Director of Avis Rent-a-Car had surrendered the land to the Crown, having had it surveyed in October 1967. Although various proposals to establish a museum as a tribute to Banfields contribution to Australian literature and nature conservation were discussed, nothing has eventuated. The reserve remains under James Cook University trusteeship.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Banfield&#39;s Grave is located within a clearing on a memorial museum reserve on Dunk Island, a small island which lies four kilometres off the east coast of far north Queensland opposite South Mission Beach. The grave and its cairn are situated on elevated ground approximately 500 metres north-east of the main resort complex on Brammo Bay, between the current resort staff quarters and Goor-tchur Creek (an Aboriginal place name translated as Trumpet Shell and listed in Last Leaves from Dunk Island).</p><br>
<p>Promoted as an historic attraction, the grave site is accessed from the resort via a narrow inclining concrete path with supporting directional signage. The path, lined with dense vegetation, leads to a rainforest clearing that is roughly square-shaped in plan with the grave, marked by a cairn, situated in the centre. An old mango tree (which is evident in early photographs) is located to the south of the western approach. Earlier approaches from the north and east are no longer accessible. Within the clearing are four large ceramic plant pots in each of the corners, and two timber seats, which are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The cairn is constructed of random rubble and mortar in the shape of a rudimentary triangular prism with oyster and other shells embedded in the mortar. It is orientated east-west, with the apex inclined to the east. Two marble tablets are embedded in the eastern face.</p><br>
<p>The tablet memorialising Edmund Banfield is rectangular in shape with a convex upper edge and is inscribed with his name, birthplace and date, death place and date, and a quote from Henry David Thoreau, as follows:Edmund James Banfield The Beachcomber Born Liverpool, England, 4th September 1852 Died Dunk Island, 2nd June 1923 If a man does not keep pace with his companions perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears.Beneath this a rectangular memorial tablet for Bertha Banfield is inscribed as follows:Also Bertha Banfield Dearly beloved and honoured wife Born at Liverpool 19th JanY 1858 Died 6th August 1933 Whither thou goest I will go, and where thou lodgest I will lodge ---- where thou diest, will I die and There will I be buried.Aligned with the eastern face of the cairn, and surrounding it on its north, south and west sides is a bed of white quartz pebbles contained within an edging of granite rocks. Adjacent to the eastern face of the cairn are two objects - a giant clam shell and a stone bowl. The bed and objects are not evident in early photographs and therefore not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the clearing in which the cairn is located, the reserve is covered with dense rainforest re-growth.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Banfield Memorial Reserve and Grave was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Banfield Memorial Reserve and Grave is located on Dunk Island, which lies within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. The place memorialises Queensland naturalist Edmund James Banfield (1852-1923), the first European settler on Dunk island and a nationally and internationally renowned author whose work to protect the indigenous flora and fauna of the Family Islands group (of which Dunk Island is a part) is important to the early evolution of nature conservation in Queensland. His contribution to what today may be called early "eco tourism" is equally valuable. Both his grave (1923), marked by a cairn made of local stone, and the reserve around it (created in 1971), which was part of his former selection and now supports the rainforest habitat he so eloquently recorded in his renowned books, are memorials to Banfield and his drive to protect the natural environment.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The memorial reserve and grave has a special association with EJ Banfield (1852-1923), who contributed significantly to our understanding of tropical environments and habitats between 1897 and 1923, as well as regarding the Aboriginal Traditional Owners of the Family Islands before they were removed to various Queensland mission settlements in the early twentieth century. His published accounts of Dunk Island&#39;s natural and cultural environment established his reputation as a committed naturalist who contributed to the development of early nature reserves in far north Queensland, and became texts celebrated by romantics, escapists, naturalists and scientists. His work inspired national and international naturalists, artists and authors to travel to north Queensland, particularly to the islands of the Great Barrier Reef, and to work or conduct further research in the area.</p><br>
<p>Innisfail Water Tower is a heritage-listed water tower at Mourilyan Street, East Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1933 to 1934 by Van Leeuwen Brothers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Innisfail Water Tower was built during 1933 and 1934 and was part of a significant infrastructure project in one of Queenslands most important sugar-growing regions. Designed by the Irrigation and Water Supply Sub-Department of the Queensland Lands Department, it is situated on Mellicks Hill at East Innisfail from where it is visible from all parts of the town of Innisfail making it an important landmark.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s Innisfail was the principal town in the Johnstone Shire and an important regional service centre in one of its major sugar-producing districts. Thomas Henry Fitzgerald is credited with the towns establishment, attracted to the area because of its potential for growing sugar. With financial backing from Brisbane, he selected his Innisfail Estate in June 1880 along the Johnstone River where the present town is located. News of Fitzgeralds venture attracted other sugar companies and within four years there were three mills operating in the district. Although Fitzgerald&#39;s venture was unsuccessful, his role was recognised when in 1883 a town was surveyed and named Geraldton. The name was changed to Innisfail in 1910.</p><br>
<p>By the turn of the century clearing for the town was continuing and new buildings were being erected, often in timber and iron to replace older ones. Lodges and societies were established, as were businesses including an aerated water factory, two bakers, a butcher and three new hotels. The waterfront was lined with wharves, two sawmills were established on the banks of the river and there was a ferry service across the South Johnstone River, it being the only effective way in and out of town.</p><br>
<p>While the sugar industry was fuelling the growth of the area, the greatest impact on Innisfail&#39;s landscape came from the major floods and cyclones of the period. The 1918 Innisfail cyclone was particularly severe and destroyed most of the buildings in the town. A large proportion of the rebuilding which took place during the 1920s and 1930s - a period of prosperity - was done using reinforced concrete to prevent such levels of destruction during future cyclonic events.</p><br>
<p>Investigation and planning for a water supply scheme for Innisfail commenced in 1926. Up until this time the community relied on tank water and water vendors, and despite being one of the wettest towns in Australia in terms of rainfall, there were water shortages during the dry months of the year. In 1930 the Irrigation and Water Supply Sub-Department of the Queensland Lands Department explored options and prepared designs for a gravity scheme relying on supply from Fisher&#39;s Creek; however the Shire did not pursue funding for it until 1932 when they renewed their application. Councillor Clarence Stanley Kopsen Page, Chairman of the Johnstone Shire Council and Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce at the time, was a strong advocate for the scheme, which he argued would allow the formation of a fire brigade, improve public health, allow drains and streets to be flushed as well as providing water for households and public gardens. The local newspaper, the Johnstone River Advocate, reported in August of that year that a prolonged dry spell had resulted in motor traffic causing "... miniature desert storms on the dusty roads".</p><br>
<p>Council&#39;s new funding application for a water supply scheme resulted in the Queensland Treasurer approving a subsidy of £15,500 plus a loan of £30,750. This new application precipitated debate about the extent of the scheme, and alternative sources of water, dissent about these matters being aired at a public meeting at the end of 1932 where alternative schemes were recommended and a petition was started. These alternative schemes were based on the opinion of a former shire engineer and some people within the community who thought savings could be made by tapping into natural springs rather than pumping from the North Johnstone River, thereby reducing the size of some of the piping. The need for a filtration plant was also questioned. The Irrigation and Water Supply Sub-Department formally responded to the criticisms of the scheme: confirming that the estimated daily consumption and cost of the scheme were comparable with water supply schemes elsewhere, and explaining that the Johnstone River would provide the most reliable water source.</p><br>
<p>The Innisfail Water Supply Scheme formed part of a Queensland Government town water supply program funded through the Lands Departments works for unemployment relief effort. The scheme was conditional on the use of local labour and materials and the transportation of materials by rail. The Minister for Lands reported on the success of the governments employment initiative, which had provided loans and subsidy of £210,673 to fourteen local authorities for the installation of town water supplies, and meant that in January 1934 there were 525 men directly employed. The initiative was also indirectly helping those firms supplying the materials needed for the construction of town water supply schemes.</p><br>
<p>The scheme for Innisfail differed from its proposed scheme of the 1920s in that it supplied a larger area and incorporated a filtration plant, which was considered best practice and important for preventing bacterial disease. It also comprised a low level pumping plant with two electrically powered vertical centrifugal pumps located at Stoters farm on the Johnstone River, a filtration plant with two horizontal pumps located half a mile from the pumping plant, a 100,000 gallon water tower on Mellicks Hill at East Innisfail and a reticulation network to distribute water throughout the town. The scheme included provision of electricity to both the pumping and filtration plants from the Shire&#39;s power station.</p><br>
<p>By February 1933 tenders had been invited for construction of the Innisfail pumping station and reticulation network. These were just two components of the total system which for construction purposes was divided into a number of separate tenders. With the arrival of supervising engineer Mr Mulholland in late April, the ceremonial turning of the first sod to commence construction of the scheme was held on Saturday 22 April 1933 at Stoters Farm. Councillor Page proclaimed in Johnstone River Advocate the commencement of the scheme as a positive step in the districts progress and possibly the biggest project the district had ever seen.</p><br>
<p>Work on the pumping station and laying pipes was already underway when eight tenders were received for contract No. 7, involving the construction of the 100,000 gallon reinforced concrete water tower at East Innisfail. Tenders ranged between £6898 and £5100 and were received from as far away as Bundaberg. In June 1933 the Van Leeuwen Bros were awarded the contract with a tender of £5186/16/-, having arrived in Innisfail from Baarn in the Netherlands in 1918. They went on to become one of the most successful construction companies in the town, being responsible for construction of the National Bank, Hotel Grand Central, Queens Hotel, Bank of New South Wales, Commonwealth Bank, Shire Hall as well as the water tower.</p><br>
<p>Over the next thirteen months the progress of the water tower was regularly reported in the Johnstone River Advocate. In December 1933, a total of 19 men were employed, 14 full-time and 5 part-time. The columns had been concreted to a height of 14 feet (4.27 metres), the central tower to 21 feet (6.4 metres), with the 27 feet (8.23 metres) high second staging in preparation of a second lift of the columns. In January the columns were raised to a height of 29.5 feet (8.99 metres), the central tower to 35 feet (10.67 metres) and the pipes and valve pit in the tower had been set in place and tested. Despite being affected by heavy rain in April, the final concrete pour had been made to the top of the splay under the bottom of the tank, and the floor of the tank, consisting of 200 tons of concrete, was put down in a continuous pour that lasted for 19 hours. On 18 May 1934, 21 local men concreted the wall of the tank which was 13 feet (3.96 metres) high with a circumference of 134 feet (40.84 metres) in a process that took 27 hours. By 6 June the dome of the tank was completed, again in one continuous pour. At 42 feet (12.8 metres) in diameter, it was one of the largest reinforced concrete domes in Queensland. All that was required to finish the job was coating the inside with bitumen and completing the parapet walls and lookout. It is not known if the current paint scheme matches the tower&#39;s original exterior finish.</p><br>
<p>During the early stages of construction there was some discussion about taking advantage of the visual prominence of the structure. Advertising and a town clock were suggested; however the Shire Council decided on a lookout, the guard rail for which was erected shortly after the dome on the tank was completed. The tower was painted but the Council decided it would be too costly to illuminate.</p><br>
<p>Although construction of the filtration plant had only just commenced, on Monday 27 August 1934, following testing of the system, the first property - Oroya Private Hospital in Rankin Street - was connected to the system. The availability of a reticulated water supply system also meant that the Volunteer Fire Brigade was also able to commence.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the filtration plant continued into 1935 as did connections to properties. It was not until 16 December that the water supply system was officially handed over to the Johnstone Shire Council. At which time there were 548 properties connected to it pumping 200,000 gallons per day supplying 2500 people.</p><br>
<p>The annual report of the Water Supply Branch of the Irrigation and Water Supply Sub-Department for the year 1933-1934 reported that "...the Water Tower forms a dignified structure of imposing appearance overlooking the town. Throughout the construction of the scheme particular care had been taken to obtain concrete structures of pleasing appearance."</p><br>
<p>The Water Supply Branch was very active during the 1930s. In 1933-1934 they funded 41 projects, 22 of these being for town water supply schemes. During the 1930s, 15 of the schemes constructed included an elevated reinforced concrete water tower. Tanks were predominantly 60,000 or 100,000 to 120,000 gallons in size (272,765 litres or 454,609 litres to 545 531 litres), with Innisfail being the first 100,000 gallon (454,609 litres) tank as reported in the 1930s annual reports. The increase to this size appears to correspond to a transition to using supporting columns as well as the central tower. The tower at Emerald constructed in the early 1930s consisted of a concrete cylindrical tank on a central tower while the Gordonvale tower built in 1934 consisted of a cylindrical tank on columns; both were 60,000 gallon (272,765 litres) tanks. The towers at Gatton, Innisfail, Longreach and Ingham have both a central tower and surrounding columns. The taller of these towers also have bracing between the columns at mid height, which is not present on the Innisfail tower. The towers at Innisfail and Ingham have capitals on the columns, while the Innisfail tower also has decorative panels around its tank walls.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on the top of a hill in Mourilyan Road on the east side of the Johnstone River, the Innisfail Water Tower is a prominent feature on the skyline, its stylistic influences strongly reflecting the Art Deco character of a number of other buildings in Innisfail. Surrounded by palm trees and a low masonry fence with iron railing, the reinforced concrete structure comprises a circular tank supported on a central cylindrical tower and eight rectangular section columns.</p><br>
<p>The tank wall is embellished with a continuous parapet moulding and recessed panels. Beneath the tank, arched reinforced concrete splays span between the columns. The columns are accentuated at the springing line of the splays with two rows of rectangular moulding forming decorative capitals and with plinths at their base. The current paint scheme distinguishes various components of the exterior using pale yellow as a base colour detailed with a teal blue, terracotta orange and red.</p><br>
<p>Having originally incorporated a lookout, the Innisfail Water Tower still has views over the region. Within the central tower, a half-turn stair with equal flights, constructed of concrete with a tubular metal handrail and balustrade, provides access to the tank. Three eight-light fixed metal-framed windows provide natural light to the stair landings. The concrete interior surfaces are unpainted.</p><br>
<p>The balustrade around the edge of the tank top is made of tubular metal and currently supports aerials for local telecommunications companies. A frame of similar materials covers a central circular opening where a ladder from below provides access to the dome. The concrete on the dome is largely unpainted.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Innisfail Water Tower was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1933-1934, the Innisfail Water Tower is associated with the early development of Innisfails water supply infrastructure and is important in demonstrating the era of prosperity accompanying the expansion of the north Queensland sugar industry during the 1920s and 1930s and the success of the Queensland governments town water supply programs funded by the Lands Department under the auspices of its unemployment relief scheme during the 1930s. Civic projects - including water supply schemes, shire and town halls, offices and chambers, community swimming pools, roads, bridges, and street and park beautification schemes - were undertaken throughout Queensland at this period as a result of the scheme, and as a group these places are important in illustrating: a particular historical period; the impact of State government initiatives to combat the economic depression; and design concepts popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Innisfail Water Tower is a good and intact example of a 1930s reinforced concrete water tower, one of 15 constructed in Queensland during that period. Designed by the Irrigation and Water Supply Sub-Department of the Lands Department, it incorporates both central tower and surrounding support columns which were used on larger towers from the mid-1930s. As well as being one of the first towers with both a central tower and columns, at the time of construction the dome top on the water tank was one of the largest in the state.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Innisfail Water Tower is a distinctive landmark visible from all parts of Innisfail. At the time of construction it was described as a dignified structure of imposing presence overlooking the town. Through the unemployment relief schemes, a conscious effort was made to produce concrete structures of pleasing appearance and the Innisfail Water Tower well illustrates the design elements, reflecting interwar Modernist concerns with functional simplicity, believed to impart this value.</p><br>
<p>McCowat&#39;s Farm is a heritage-listed plantation at McCowat Road, Garradunga, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1920 by William Purdy. It is also known as Koodla. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>McCowats Farm comprises a residence, cottage, barracks, implement shed and remnant rainforest, representing the surviving core of a 120 acre cane farm operated by Thomas McCowat from 1926/7. The farm was subsequently subdivided into its current size for Thomas McCowats retirement.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century Garradunga, a small settlement in the northern part of the Johnstone district on the former main road linking Innisfail with Cairns, was a sugar production area. Innisfail (known as Geraldton until 1911), was founded as the port of Geraldton in 1880 by Thomas Henry Fitzgerald, who had arrived on the banks of the Johnstone River to grow sugar cane on a 10,000 hectare land grant funded by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane and All Hallows Sisters of Mercy. Others arrived soon after and a community was soon established with an economy based firmly on sugar production. A number of sugar mills operated in the Johnstone district: the Innisfail Estate Sugar Mill began crushing in 1881 but was closed by 18851; the Queensland Sugar Companys Innishowen Mill commenced on the Queensland Estate in 1883 and closed in 1891; Goondi Mill first crushed in 1885 and closed in 1986; the Mourilyan Mill opened in 1884; and the South Johnstone Mill was established in 1916. Both the Mourilyan and South Johnstone mills are still operating.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1920s Garradunga became a staging point for the transport of goods and passengers travelling north/south by rail until the section of the North Coast railway line between Garradunga and Innisfail was completed in 1924. The Goondi Mill 2 foot gauge tramway, which connected the cane fields of the Johnstone district with the Mill near Innisfail, provided a temporary transport link connecting a "missing section" of the north coast railway between Garradunga and Daradgee. The rail link transported a large number of passengers in the early 1920s (108,458 during 1921-22) but passenger use declined dramatically due to the advent of motorcars and during the Great Depression. By 1935 passenger use had dropped to 5-6,000 per year. The rail continued to provide an important transport link between the cane farms, the mills and the port at Mourilyan. In 1929, 92% of goods carried on the tramway were sugar or cane.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the Brisbane to Cairns railway line took place in 1924 with the completion of the north Johnstone Bridge. This gave further impetus to the development of the Johnstone Shire. In the 1920s the district was producing record yields of sugar, and the prosperity engendered by this is reflected in the many substantial buildings erected in the district in the 1920s and 30s. Between 1920 and 1930 the total population of the Shire ballooned from 5,549 to 18,088 people. The number of recorded dwellings also rose during this time, from 700 to 3,130. Sugar production was regarded as the mainstay of production and white settlement on the north Queensland coastline.</p><br>
<p>Thomas McCowat immigrated to Australia in 1904, aged 20, having been brought up at a Presbyterian orphanage in Scotland. He worked in the Presbyterian Ministry in Toowoomba before serving as the Presbyterian Minister in Herberton in 1909 and 1910. On 7 July 1909 he married Mary Barrie Outerson, a recent arrival from Musselburgh, Scotland. Mary reputedly suffered from tuberculosis and died on 13 March 1923 in the Herberton Hospital. Thomas and Mary had two children, aged 8 and 10 when Mary died. It was during Marys illness that Thomas left the Ministry and worked as a fettler on the railway in Johnstone Shire, to fund Marys hospice.</p><br>
<p>Thomas married Alice Robina Bonar, a descendant of a mining family living in Herberton, in 1924. They had one child, Alice, in 1925. According to family oral history, as a result of Mary&#39;s health issues, Thomas was determined to provide comfortable living arrangements for his second wife.</p><br>
<p>Thomas and Alice McCowat purchased 120 acres from Mr Ramlock, in 2 installments on 16 July 1926 and 28 January 1927, for a total of £247, although family oral history indicates that the McCowats had been farming in the Johnstone district in the 1920s prior to the purchase of McCowats Farm. They named the residence Koodla, an Aboriginal word meaning shady place and continued the farms operation in sugar production.</p><br>
<p>William Purdy, builder, from Innisfail, had erected the main section of the house in 1920 but what is now the kitchen/bathroom annexe appears to be an early style workers cottage, which was possibly erected at an earlier time. It appears that the annexe was joined to the main house when it was built in 1920. The residence was located on what was then the main road between Cairns and Innisfail. In 1936 the residence (main section and annexe) was dismantled and re-erected approximately 1 km away on its present site, which was the centre of McCowat&#39;s Farm, at a cost of £145 by carpenter F Shellback.</p><br>
<p>The McCowats lived in the cottage at the rear of the property when the main residence was moved to its present location. The cottage is of similar construction to the kitchen/bathroom annexe to the main residence, being a typical three room gable roof cottage. It is recorded as being constructed prior to 1920, and used as the original canecutters barracks. The verandah was enclosed in 1936, presumably when the McCowats lived in it. The barracks, typical of five roomed canecutters barracks, and the implement shed, were erected in 1930. The barracks accommodated canecutters working on the McCowat&#39;s property and also was rented out to cutters working on nearby properties.</p><br>
<p>Thomas McCowat managed the property until he died in 1963. The farm was subdivided sometime prior to Thomas McCowat&#39;s death, and the block containing the residence, cottage, barracks and rainforest is currently owned by his daughter, Miss Allie McCowat.</p><br>
<p>The remnant rainforest on McCowats Farm is a rare type of vegetation, classified by Paul Sattler and Rebecca Williams in The Conservation Status of Queenslands Bioregional Ecosystems as 7.8.1, complex mesophyll vine forest that grows on very wet and wet lowlands and foothills, on basalt derived soils in the Wet Tropical coast. Its biodiversity status is recorded by the Wet Tropics Management Authority as "of concern" and is known to contain a number of rare or endangered floral species and is a known cassowary habitat. It is estimated that only 10-30% of the original extent of this type of vegetation survives, due to extensive clearing for agriculture. The lowland basalt soils were favoured for agricultural production as they had the optimum growing conditions of rainfall, fertility, topography and temperature.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>McCowat&#39;s Farm comprises 9.032 hectares of land approximately 2 kilometres west of Garradunga, a small settlement in the northern part of the Johnstone district on the former main road linking Innisfail with Cairns. The surrounding land use is mainly cane farms and the North Coast rail line passes near the north eastern corner of the property. Approximately two-thirds of the property is rainforest. The main buildings and structures on the farm include the main residence, the cottage, the former cane barracks, and the implement shed.</p><br>
<p>The residence is a high set four room bungalow with wrap around verandah on four sides. It has a rear annex showing typical elements of a raised two room workers cottage.</p><br>
<p>A symmetrical staircase with dowel railings leads from the ground to a porch coming off the front verandah. The wrap around verandah has two rail dowel balustrades on the north, south, and west sides. The east side of the verandah is enclosed with casement windows and corrugated iron. Storage areas, clad in corrugated iron with two sash windows each, are contained on the south-east and south-west corners of the verandah. There is a 1980s addition of toilet and shower in the centre of the west side of the verandah. Aluminum blinds are fixed externally on the north, east and west sides of the verandah and there a wall of lattice is present as the northern ground floor wall.</p><br>
<p>The main section of the residence has exposed-stud framing lined internally with vertically jointed tongue and groove timber. Internal ceilings are lined, with unlined external verandah ceilings. Internally there are four rooms (3 bedrooms and a sitting room) and a hall. Internal doors have paired rectangular panels above and below the waist and are reportedly constructed of solid oak. The external doors, two doors leading from each of the three bedrooms to the verandah, are French doors, low waisted with 2 rectangular glass top panels and fanlights. The two doors of the rear bedroom have extra security measures consisting of metal wire sliding doors. There are no doors leading to the verandah from the living room. Italian Muranese glass has reportedly been used for fanlights, casement windows and colonial windows. The house sits on concrete stumps and there is a concrete floor underneath. The roof of the main residence and annexe is galvanised iron. The house is oriented north.</p><br>
<p>A small gabled annex to the main residence contains a kitchen, living area and bathroom and is joined to the rear verandah of the main residence by a short footbridge. The rear north eastern corner of the annex contains the bathroom and a set of stairs exits the annex at the rear, or south side of the building. The annex is externally clad in corrugated iron and the kitchen/living area is internally lined with pine boarding and hardboard. Only the partition walls in the bathroom are lined internally. Records indicate the framing of the annex is Pendar, a local rainforest hardwood. It is externally clad in corrugated iron and has two window shades and aluminum fixed blinds over sash windows on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>A range of original furniture is present inside the residence, including dining tables, one constructed of large panels of oak, two double and one single cast iron bed, wardrobes and dressing tables, a baby&#39;s folding feeding chair and claw bath ensemble.</p><br>
<p>An iron tank sits above a corrugated iron clad shed containing a shower room at the rear of the west side of the annex. To the south east of the annexe is a dog&#39;s grave marked with a cross shaped headstone and a lily garden. Oral history indicates a number of family dogs are buried here.</p><br>
<p>Five hundred metres to the south west of the main residence is the cottage. This is a low set three roomed gable roofed cottage with enclosed front verandahs. External walls are clad with fibrous cement sheeting and internally the walls are clad in a combination of fibrous cement and corrugated iron with timber floors. A corrugated iron lean-to is attached to the west side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is raised on short concrete stumps. Three concrete steps lead to the front door. Ornamental cast iron work is attached to the base of the front wall. Three panel casement windows are present either side of the front door and there are three four panel sash windows on each side of the cottage.</p><br>
<p>The implement shed is located to the west of the main residence. It is constructed of bush timber and clad in corrugated iron. A range of agricultural machinery is contained within the shed, including items such as a 1930s Caterpillar tractor and other old tractors, corn grinders, cane planters and an icy ball refrigerator.</p><br>
<p>The cane barracks are a long, low-set building located at the front (northern) end of the property. They are constructed of bush posts with hardwood rails, clad in corrugated iron with no internal lining. The external iron has been painted red and the roof is galvanized iron. A bedroom wing runs east/west containing five bedrooms with internal partitions of corrugated iron, each opening onto a north facing verandah. Each room has a window on the southern side consisting of timber frames lined with corrugated iron, hinged as awning sashes. The north/south wing contains one large room which forms the kitchen and dining area, which also opens onto the northern verandah. A large 10-person table constructed of 2 boards, each 55 cm wide, is present in the dining area.</p><br>
<p>The rainforest covers approximately two thirds of the property and forms an impression of a green curtain to the west of the farming complex. Typical species that make up this type of rainforest are described as Acmena graveolens, Alstonia scholaris, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Argyrodendron peralatum, Backhousia bancroftii, Beilschmiedia tooram, Castanospermum australe, Cryptocarya corrugata, C. grandis, C. hypospodia, C. mackinnoniana, Diploglottissmithii, Dysoxylum papuanum, D. parasiticum, D. pettigrewianum, Elaeocarpus angustifolius, Endiandra palmerstonii, E. pubens, E. sankeyana, Ficus racemosa, F. septica, Gmelina fasciculiflora, Helici nortoniana, Intsia bijuga, Musgravea heterphylla, Myristica muelleri, Palaquium galactoxylum, Syzigium cormiflorum and S. kuranda. Miss McCowat reports that no tracks are present into the rainforest on her property as this is the best way to preserve the rainforest flora and fauna.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>McCowat&#39;s Farm was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>McCowat&#39;s Farm is important in demonstrating the development of the sugar industry in north Queensland, particularly in the Johnstone district.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The combination of main residence, cane barracks, early workers cottage and remnant rainforest vegetation represent a rare, uncommon or endangered aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The complex of farm buildings, specifically the residence, cottage, implement shed and cane barracks, demonstrate the principal characteristics of sugar cane farms.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value, in particular the high-set Queensland bungalow style residence and the surrounding remnant rainforest vegetation.</p><br>
<p>Johnstone Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 70 Rankin Street, Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hill & Taylor and built from 1935 to 1938 by Van Leeuwen Brothers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Johnstone Shire Hall was constructed for the Johnstone Shire Council in Innisfail from 1935-8, by the Van Leeuwen brothers to the design of Messrs Hill and Taylor at a cost of about £53,000.</p><br>
<p>The Innisfail area was settled by cedar-cutters, with the first major planting of sugar cane occurring in 1880. The town was laid out at the junction of the South Johnstone and North Johnstone Rivers in 1881, and was known as Junction Point. The name of the town was changed to Geraldton in 1883, and to Innisfail in 1910.</p><br>
<p>Innisfail was devastated first by a record flood in 1913, then by a cyclone in 1918, which destroyed many of the towns timber buildings. Despite these setbacks, the town prospered and opened its third sugar mill in 1916. By the 1920s, the Innisfail sugar industry was producing vast quantities of sugar cane and record yields of sugar. The prosperity of the town was reflected in the many buildings erected in the 1920s and 1930s, including many concrete buildings such as the first wing of the hospital, the Roman Catholic Church, the Commonwealth Bank and many other commercial premises. Also important in the towns development was the opening of the Jubilee Bridge in 1923, linking the town with East Innisfail and Mourilyan, and the Daradgee Railway Bridge in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Johnstone Shire Hall was constructed when the previous building was destroyed by fire in December 1932. This previous building had been used for theatrical productions and therefore the community were anxious to see a replacement constructed promptly. However council disagreements, Queensland Government interference and a change of shire council mean that it was many years before plans for the new Hall were presented and accepted. Messrs Hill and Taylor were commissioned for the design of the building in 1935. They were prominent local architects working in North Queensland between World War I and World War II. Other public buildings by this firm include the Cairns City Council (1929), Cairns Post Office and Proserpine Hospital (1939–40) and the Barron Valley Hotel (1940).</p><br>
<p>The supervising contractors were the Van Leeuwen brothers, who had arrived in Innisfail from Holland in 1918, they were responsible for most of the major construction work in the town from this date, including the Water Tower, the National Bank, Hotel Grand Central, Queens Hotel, Bank of New South Wales and the Commonwealth Bank.Hill and Taylor and the Van Leeuwen brothers proposed the cost of the building was to be £36,830. However, over the next few years the cost of the building was to rise to over £50,000, to the considerable alarm of the community and the Treasury Department who were partially funding the venture. A provision of the Treasurys involvement was the use of the unemployed on either day or contract labour, therefore none of the contractors own staff were employed on the project. The building was ready for occupation in 1938, and after five years in temporary accommodation the Johnstone Shire Council were able to operate from their own offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Johnstone Shire Hall is a two storeyed re-inforced concrete building with semi-basement containing shire offices, a hall and two shops. The main facade has a stepped parapet with four banded pilasters defining bays featuring moulded decorative panels representing sugar cane. There is a cantilevered awning over the street with a balcony above, access to the balcony is via French doors. The balcony has a wrought-iron balustrade. The main entrance has three arched doorways through which is the ceramic tiled entrance foyer.</p><br>
<p>The upper storey features a panelled foyer and auditorium, with a stage and fly tower. The hall has an elliptical arched fibrous cement ceiling, supported on piers panelled with walnut and decorated with plaster fluting and volutes. The lighting system is a combination of many copper framed pendant fixtures with opal glass, and a system of concealed trough lighting providing indirect illumination.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Johnstone Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Johnstone Shire Hall is a substantial inter-war building which illustrates the unprecedented era of prosperity accompanying the expansion of the sugar industry in the Burdekin region.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Johnstone Shire Hall, constructed 1935-38, is significant as a good and intact example of regional public buildings with Art Deco detailing, featuring locally inspired motifs. The Shire Hall is significant as a building designed by the architectural partnership of Hill and Taylor, prominent local architects in North Queensland between the first and second World Wars.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is an important element of the Rankin Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has significance to the local community as the civic centre of Innisfail.</p><br>
<p>Cape Yakan  - Mys Yakan), is a headland on the northern coast of Chukotka, Russian Federation. This conspicuous cape, whose name in the Chukchi language means use, was mentioned by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in his Vega Expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Yakan is located in the Long Strait area, west of Cape Schmidt and about 65 km to the east of Cape Billings near the mouth of the Ekaenmyvaam River. It is also a geographic landmark separating the East Siberian Sea from the Chukchi Sea. The cape is a rocky headland between 40 an 50 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>There is a large colony of black-legged kittiwakes on the cape&#39;s cliffs, as well as smaller colonies of guillemots. Cape Yakan is also a nesting ground for the peregrine falcon or duck hawk.</p><br>
<p>The Gooden Grant House is a historic house at Head Harbor in Isle au Haut, Maine. Built in 1911, it is a fine vernacular Queen Anne house, home to one of the islands most colorful characters of the 20th century. Gooden Grant  was one of the islands most successful lobstermen, and the subject of local folkloric oral history. His house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Isle au Haut marks the eastern end of Penobscot Bay on the central coast of Maine. The island is roughly 7 mi long and 3 mi wide, oriented roughly north-south. About half the island is preserved as part of Acadia National Park; the rest of the island is a small rural community now dominated by its summer population, with a small town center on the northwest side. Head Harbor is located at the southeastern corner of the island, opening to the south between Eastern Head and Bungee Head.</p><br>
<p>The house of Gooden Grant stands at the head of Head Harbor, on the east side of the island&#39;s main loop road. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and granite block foundation. An octagonal tower with turreted roof projects at the southwest corner, and a partially-enclosed single-story porch wraps around the west and south sides, supported by turned bracketed posts. A short way southwest of the house stands an outbuilding, which is treated as a barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1911 by a local builder named Turner, and was at the time comparable to the finest of the island&#39;s year-round residences. Gooden Grant, for whom it was built, was one of the leading fishermen and lobstermen of the small Head Harbor community. Grant was regarded by his peers as one of the most successful lobstermen of the time, regularly making larger hauls and gaining better prices for his goods than others. As the island became more of a target for tourists in the mid-20th century, Gooden was featured in an iconic postcard as one of its "old salts", surrounded by lobster traps.</p><br>
<p>The Fair Haven Green Historic District encompasses the village green of Fair Haven, Vermont, and the heterogeneous collection of civic, commercial, and residential buildings that line it and adjacent streets. The area was developed mainly following the arrival of the railroad in 1848 and the subsequent expansion of marble and slate quarries in the area. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Fair Haven is located in western Rutland County, Vermont, on the border with New York. Its town center is located on the north side of the Castleton River. The town green is roughly oval in shape, and is a grassy area dotted with shade trees. It is bounded by Main Street and Park Place, and historically significant roadways radiate away to the north, east, and south. The streets flanking the green are lined with a combination of civic, residential, and commercial buildings, most dating to the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th. A cluster of brick commercial buildings extend along Main Street just south of the green, and are also included in the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The town was chartered in 1779 and settled in 1783 by Matthew Lyon, who established the town&#39;s first mills, and gave the land that now forms the green. The town was rural and generally agrarian in character until 1848, when the Rutland and Whitehall Railroad was built through the town on the south side of the Castleton River. The marble cutting industry was subsequently a major influence in the development of the town, and is partially exemplified by the presence of two marble houses facing the green. Prominent civic buildings facing the green including the neoclassical public library building (1906), the Gothic Methodist church (1877), ornate with slate roof and trim, and the Romanesque Baptist church (1870–73). Many of the residences and commercial buildings are Italianate in style.</p><br>
<p>The Ward Valley  is a lengthy almost true N-S trending valley of far eastern San Bernardino County, California.</p><br>
<p>The south end of the valley expands slightly northwest-by-southeast, and contains Danby Dry Lake, a 13-mi (21 km) long dry lake, or playa. Mountain ranges surround the valley on all sides. The neighboring valleys eastward over the mountain ranges, Chemehuevi Valley, Vidal Valley, and Rice Valley are all western tributary valleys to the south-flowing Colorado River along the Lower Colorado River Valley corridor.</p><br>
<p>The center of the valley is approximately just east of the Oro Plata Mine at the east of the Old Woman Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The map of California showing the location of Ward Valley, also shows the low elevation green, low valleys, south of the map location point. The northwest-by-southeast section, contains the three dry lake beds, from west to east: Bristol Lake, Cadiz Dry Lake, and Danby Lake.</p><br>
<p>Geographically, the entire region of Ward Valley is a transition from higher elevation bajadas and mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert, to lower elevation sections of Mojave Desert, and the northwest region of the Sonoran Desert in southeast California, called the Colorado Desert. The region has mostly arid mountain ranges, bajadas, flatlands, sand dune fields (from prevailing, seasonal winds), and playas (salt-flats).</p><br>
<p>The lengthy north section of Ward Valley is drained by one major wash, named Homer Wash. Its outfall end, due to scant rainfall, and distance from Danby Lake, ends about 5-mi from the north side of the lake (ground infiltration).</p><br>
<p>Canecutters Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Fitzgerald Esplanade, Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Renato Beretta and built in 1959. It is also known as Pioneers of the Sugar Industry Monument. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Canecutters Memorial was erected in 1959 by the Italian community of the Innisfail district to commemorate the centenary of the state of Queensland. The life-size statue of a canecutter was chosen, reflecting the importance of the sugarcane industry in the development of the districts economy.</p><br>
<p>The town of Innisfail (called Geraldton until 1911) was founded in 1880 by Thomas Henry Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald arrived on the banks of the Johnstone River with 35 South Sea Islanders and ten Irish workers to grow sugarcane on a 10,000 hectare land grant, funded by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane and All Hallows&#39; Sisters of Mercy. Others arrived soon after, and a community was established with an economy based firmly on the production of sugar. In 1882 a sugar mill was built at Mourilyan in 1882, followed by the establishment of the South Johnstone mill in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Sugarcane was first grown commercially in Queensland in 1864 at Louis Hope&#39;s estate at Ormiston. The crop was originally grown on large plantations, using South Sea Islander labour as it was considered working in cane fields in the climatic conditions of Queensland was too prejudicial to the health of Europeans. This practice began to change in the 1880s and 1890s however when the Queensland Government adopted a policy of gradual repatriation of South Sea Islanders. Queensland sugarcane growers considered workers from the warmer parts of Europe, including Italy, to be appropriate replacement labourers. The first Italians to arrive in North Queensland landed in Townsville in 1891. A small number moved into the Johnstone area during the 1890s, although they came as tenant farmers and not labourers. The first large group of Italian nationals seeking cane cutting contracts arrived -08. These Italian migrants were known for their determination to accept hardship and poor working conditions which, together with great economic cooperation, saw many Italian labourers gaining their own holdings.</p><br>
<p>While many Italians arrived in North Queensland before the First World War, Italian immigration peaked in the years following the war. At this time conditions in Italy were such that many looked abroad to start a new life. Australia became a favoured destination in the 1920s when the United States moved to restrict immigration from Italy. The Australian and Italian Governments agreed on a chain migration system, where Italians already resident in Australia nominated relatives and fellow villagers, leading to the development of a chain immigration system. As a result of this system, family group pocket settlements mushroomed. The strong Italian community established in the Innisfail district before the war was strengthened further by the post-war immigration.</p><br>
<p>The number of Italian migrants arriving in North Queensland peaked again in the years following World War II. Immigrants from many European countries, including Yugoslavia, Malta, Spain and Italy arrived in Australia as displaced persons, and were indentured to work in the cane fields. Of the displaced migrants, the Italians were the largest ethnic group to be employed in the sugar industry, continuing to make a significant contribution to the sugar growing communities of North Queensland, including Innisfail.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the Queensland Government suggested communities commemorate the centenary of separation from New South Wales by a structure of a permanent nature. A group from the Italian community in Innisfail decided to erect a statue. Photographs taken throughout the history of the sugar industry in the Johnstone area were submitted to Sydney artist Lamberto Yonna who suggested a statue in the form of a canecutter. The committee formed to oversee construction wrote to the Chamber of Commerce of Carrara, Italy, requesting the submission of designs by suitable sculptors. The design of Renato Beretta, the Instructor at the Carrara Academy of Arts, was selected. The monument was made in Carrara, arriving in 32 cases to be erected by an Italian migrant P Bertolani who had arrived in Australia two months previously. The monument was officially unveiled by the Premier of Queensland, the Hon Frank Nicklin, on 4 October 1959. It cost £5000 to construct.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Canecutter&#39;s Memorial is located on the Innisfail Esplanade overlooking the Johnstone River at the eastern end of Edith Street. It is sited on a small sealed area set among trees and a grassed park- like area. The land to the east of the memorial slopes steeply towards the river.</p><br>
<p>The white marble monument consists of an octagonal pool from which rises a square section plinth containing a water fountain and bowl on each face and topped by a life-sized statue of a man cutting cane by hand. The cane cutter wears the typical clothing of shorts and hat and wields the trademark cane knife in his right hand. Under his left arm and across his back sweeps a sheaf of standing sugar cane.</p><br>
<p>Below the statue, two opposing faces of the plinth feature bas reliefs depicting cane cutters at work. That at the front of the monument carries the Latin motto "UBI BENI IBI PATRIA", which loosely interprets to Where one is content, there is ones homeland&#39;. On the other two faces are inscriptions, one in English and one in Italian. The English version reads:TO THE PIONEERS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY DONATED BY THE ITALIAN COMMUNITY OF INNISFAIL DISTRICT ON THE FIRST CENTENARY OF THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND 1859 1959Below these panels are cast metal water spouts in the form of water bags over metal bowls. The water then flows into fluted marble basins supported by pairs of conventional dolphins. The whole is surrounded by an octagonal metal railing made in the form of stylised cane stalks topped by tram rails and decorated with implements associated with the trade.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Canecutters Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Canecutters Memorial is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history as an illustration of the significance of the sugar industry in North Queensland. For many years, the growth of Innisfail and the surrounding district was reliant on the sugar industry, an industry which continues to the present day to be a crop of importance in the economy of the Johnstone Shire. Erected by the Italian community of Innisfail, the Memorial is important in demonstrating the contribution of Italian migrants to the sugar industry, both as labourers and farm owners. The subject of the Memorial, a canecutter, further demonstrates the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history as a figure in the sugar industry made obsolete by the mechanisation of cane harvesting in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Canecutters Memorial demonstrates a rare aspect of Queenslands cultural heritage as an early example of a monument carrying an inscription in two languages, English and Italian. Constructed in 1959, it is a multicultural tribute to the pioneers of the sugar industry, which predates the nationwide move towards multiculturalism later in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Canecutters Memorial is important because of its aesthetic significance as a skilled example of the sculptors art, occupying a prominent position along the Innisfail Esplanade, an open park-like area situated along the Johnstone River, and terminating long views east along Edith Street, one of the major streets of the central business district of the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Canecutter&#39;s Memorial has a special association with the Italian community of Innisfail, whose members erected the memorial in 1959 to the pioneers of the sugar industry, many of whom were Italian. The Memorial also has a special association with the wider community of Innisfail as a tribute to the pioneers of an industry that has been of vital importance to the development and prosperity of the district.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House is a heritage-listed house at 134 Edith Street, Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built between 1929 and 1932. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>See Poy House, located on one of the main streets of Innisfail, is a substantial, high-set timber home constructed between 1929 and 1932 for Johnstone and Theodora (Dora) See Poy, second generation Chinese Australians from the prominent Innisfail-based See Poy family. The intactness of the house and its garden setting, and the association with the family&#39;s social and commercial history, are evidence of Chinese migrant prosperity and success in early twentieth century regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>With the discovery of gold on the Palmer River in 1872, Chinese men, including Taam Sze Pui (Tom See Poy, an anglicisation of his name that he came to adopt), migrated to work on the Palmer goldfields, but many also established market gardens and set up businesses catering for new arrivals. Chinese migrants moved between settlements and lived throughout the north on the Hodgkinson goldfields, on the Atheron Tableland working in the timber industry and in the small settlements of Smithfield and Cairns in 1876. In 1880 the Johnstone River district was identified as suitable for agriculture and opened up for settlement and sugar production. Workers came from around the north, including Tom See Poy and other Chinese men. By 1886, the Chinese community at Geraldton (later Innisfail) had grown rapidly, almost matching the Chinese population at Cairns (the largest outside Brisbane). They worked in the sugar and banana industry, the latter rivalling sugar as the region&#39;s primary economic activity. Many Chinese men were involved in the banana industry, including Tom See Poy and Tam Sie whose early success with bananas saw them become leading businessmen investing in property and farming.</p><br>
<p>In July 1883 Tom See Poy and two other Chinese men set up the Kam Who store at Mourilyan and then moved to Innisfail. A few years later, Tom bought out the others and was still operating the Innisfail store when it was damaged in the 1918 Innisfail cyclone. Although Tom See Poy&#39;s initial business activities were modest, See Poy & Sons grew rapidly under the management of his children by the 1920s. Tom See Poy retired in 1925 and died the following year leaving an estate of £32,576. All but the youngest of his five children played a role in the store during their adult life. Eldest son Johnstone became the company director but his two sisters also had a significant role in the business as well.</p><br>
<p>See Poy and Sons became the largest department store in North Queensland, with international connections. It catered for a wide clientele in Innisfail and beyond, selling everything from toys and shoes to groceries, furniture and cars. Under the directorship of Johnstone See Poy the business extended its floor area and increased its range of merchandise, and in 1929, purchased a car dealership. The following year the firm embarked upon a significant upgrade of its existing timber store and built Innisfails biggest department store. The new two storey building was constructed of reinforced concrete - a popular modern material being increasingly used at the time because of its ability to withstand cyclones and floods. The new store was the equal of similar establishments in other parts of Queensland, and also of the Chinese Australian owned and operated emporia that dominated the skylines of Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai between 1907 and 1931. (The emporia owned by the Chinese Australian Guo and Ma families are two examples of those operating in Hong Kong and China.) At its peak See Poy & Sons was one of the foremost department stores in north Queensland. The firm enjoyed significant customer loyalty and successfully withstood mercantile competition from the mail order service of McWhirters in Brisbane, from Penneys variety store, from other Innisfail stores, and from department stores situated in the large cities throughout north Queensland. It continued to operate until the early 1980s, the whole See Poy family being honoured by the Queensland Government in 1981 with a commemorative plaque for its contribution to retailing.</p><br>
<p>During the period between World War I and World War II, which was one of business expansion for See Poy & Sons, members of the See Poy family also built private residences in close proximity to their department store which was located one block east of 134 Edith Street on the north-eastern corner of the intersection of Edith and Ernest Streets. Dora See Poys family, the See Hoes, lived on the western side of See Poy House. In addition, two adjoining houses were built for See Poy daughters on the opposite side of Edith Street from See Poy House. See Poy House is the only residence in this former enclave of family residences that survives intact. The adjacent See Hoe house and one of the daughters houses has been demolished while the other daughters house has been significantly altered. See Poy House is clear evidence of the firm&#39;s success and, with the demolition of the department store, it is now the last remaining intact structure that reflects the success of this major mercantile enterprise and its Chinese Australian directors.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House was constructed sometime between 1929 and 1932, with Johnstone Tom See Poy being registered as owner of the land on 15 July 1929. It originally stood on at least 0.4 ha (1 acre) of land between Glady and Charles Streets. There were no fences separating numbers 132, 134 (Johnstone See Poys residence) and 136 (where Doras family, the See Hoe&#39;s, resided) on Edith Street.</p><br>
<p>The street elevation of See Poy House was typical of an interwar Queenslander house; however its materials and special features reflect the wealth and standing of the family. It was noticeably larger than a standard house at 670 m in area and featured specially selected timbers (black bean, white hickory and silky oak), brass fittings and leadlight windows. During construction, rough sawn hardwood timber was transported from Maryborough and dressed on site. The use of mortised joints and anchor bolts cyclone-proofed the house. Leadlight windows and 12 ft (3.65 m) high ceilings were notable features of the interior of the house. It comprised a typical room format for a large interwar house being formal dining and lounge rooms, main bedroom, bathroom, second bedroom, study and kitchen. Verandahs were located on both sides and at the rear of the house. Balustrades were solid, other than decorative timber batten panels centred beneath timber bracket arches with side openings. The battening pattern used was consistent throughout: below arched openings and on the front stair balustrade in the infill latticework. The house cost between £1,200 and £2,000.</p><br>
<p>The house was the venue for family and formal events. The formal dining room with its rectangular table was generally reserved for entertaining guests such as service personnel during World War II. For family meals, the See Poy and See Hoe families usually ate on the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical formal garden with concrete edged garden beds was created by Johnstone See Poy who was an enthusiastic gardener, and was also the setting for many family and community activities that gave it a profile in the community. Most of the See Poy residences on Edith Street became venues for community functions and social events, which reflected the familys standing within the community and their inclusive and multicultural approach to staffing See Poy & Sons. Their success and high social profile enabled them to play a leadership role within the Innisfail community and traverse racial boundaries. With Johnstone at the helm of See Poy & Sons, the firm participated in local sporting activities and events. This sustained sporting interest serves as yet another illustration of the familys involvement with mainstream Queensland community life. The firm sponsored its own cricket and tennis teams to compete against staff teams from other firms in the north. Although the firm did not field a football team, it donated a trophy, known as the See Poy Cup, for senior rugby league matches. Keeping pace with many businessmen, Johnstone and his brother-in-law, William Sue Yek, became members of the local golf club.</p><br>
<p>Johnstone See Poy was a member of the Rotary Club and his wife Dora was admitted to the Inner Wheel (a subdivision for the wives of Rotary members) according to information from an interview with descendant, Herbert Sue Yek. Consequently, their home became a venue for gatherings of the members of the latter group. In 1931, Johnstone and Doras only child died accidentally. Although they did not become parents again, they made a commitment to host the Baby Show for the local Anglican Church according to another descendant Tiger See Hoe. For many years, 134 Edith Street was the venue for this annual event. Innisfails children gave performances within the grounds of the house entertaining a large assembled audience and presumably mothers exhibited their babies. This was a major community and charity event providing members of the Innisfail community with a further means of relating to the See Poy family.</p><br>
<p>The matriarchs of the Sue Yek and Quong Chong families were See Poy daughters and their homes stood directly opposite 134 Edith Street, forming what could be described as a See Poy enclave of beautiful houses. From the 1930s onwards, the homes of the Sue Yek and Quong Chong families were frequent scenes of hospitality and conviviality for the wider community. The Sue Yek family, for instance, played host to the staff, family and friends of the See Poy Staff Club. The Quong Chong family provided musical entertainment for the Chinese Consul-General during a formal visit to north Queensland, whilst the See Poy men held formal discussions with the Chinese delegation. The community activities of the See Poy family continued for several decades. Johnstones brother, Herbert See Poys dedication to advancing the cause of the Warrina Home for the Aged was recognised with an MBE in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The See Poy family made some alterations to the house over time, such as lowering some ceilings and enclosing some verandahs with windows. Dora See Poy carried out minor alterations to the living room, including the removal of a section of decorative arch.</p><br>
<p>Following Johnstone&#39;s death, ownership of the house in Edith Street transferred to Dora in September 1984, and following her death the same year it passed out of the ownership of the See Poy family.</p><br>
<p>The demolition of the See Poy & Sons department store and the alteration and demolition of the other family houses leaves See Poy House as the last remaining intact structure that reflects the success of this major mercantile enterprise and its Chinese Australian directors.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>See Poy House is located on the western outskirts of Innisfail&#39;s central business district on a large level block on the southern side of Edith Street, the main thoroughfare through Innisfail and part of the Bruce Highway. It is a substantial, high-set timber dwelling with multiple gables set in a garden with concrete-edged beds and lawn. The orientation of the house to match that of Edith Street places it at a slight angle to the side allotment boundaries and means its south-western corner stands on or near to the western side boundary.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House is clad in chamferboards and supported on timber stumps with timber lattice panels fixed between those on the perimeter. Its gabled and hipped roof, which accentuates its asymmetrical room layout, is clad in corrugated metal sheeting with eaves lined with timber battens. The gable ends feature flat sheet panels, timber brackets and timber batten trim.</p><br>
<p>On the northern (Edith Street) elevation, the entrance at the eastern end is emphasised with a small gable projecting from the corner of the L-shaped verandah. A recent timber and steel stair provides access to the entrance doors in the verandah&#39;s western wall, which comprise one and a half leaves with leadlight glass in the upper panels. (These stairs are not considered of cultural heritage significance.) The verandah openings above balustrade height have been filled with banks of leadlight casements, some six-light casements and fixed glazing. There is a centre-pivoting porthole window to the entrance hall and a bay window below the central gable. All leadlight in this elevation is of a matching design.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation largely comprises a verandah enclosed following a similar glazing scheme to that on the front elevation incorporating some louvre banks. The hipped roof has a louvred gablet at its apex, a scheme mirrored on the eastern elevation. The eastern elevation has a similar fenestration pattern determined by the enclosure of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>A transverse gable roof at the rear of the house extends across the southern elevation, with six-light casements under each gable end facing the east and west. Beneath a wide awning supported on timber battened brackets and attached to the southern wall is a five-light casement, louvres, a semi-enclosed stair with solid balustrade and the stove recess.</p><br>
<p>The house, the footprint of which is roughly square, has an asymmetrical layout. It contains a core of rooms comprising entry hall, lounge and dining rooms opening onto the now enclosed north- eastern verandah with the large main bedroom and a smaller second bedroom separated by a bathroom opening onto the enclosed western verandah or sleepout. A short hall separates the main living and dining room from the bedrooms. At the rear of the house, a kitchen occupies the south-east corner and is separated from the study in the south-west corner by the enclosed southern verandah that now serves as a long informal living area.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the house, walls and ceilings, including the raked verandah ceilings, are generally lined with painted v-jointed tongue and groove timber boards and clear finished skirtings and architraves, except in the formal living and dining rooms and the rear informal lounge where there is flat sheeting. The timber floors throughout have been clear finished. In wet areas vinyl tiles have been laid. The joinery of the core rooms is generally clear finished with early brass hardware, while the verandah joinery is painted.</p><br>
<p>In the formal living and dining rooms decorative features include picture rails, metal and glass pendant light fittings and an early chair and silk floor rug. A pair of early sliding leadlight doors separates these rooms. The leadlight pattern described above is carried through in the French doors opening into the eastern enclosed verandah; however leadlight casements opening from the dining room into this space and the rear informal living area are of a different design. The servery door from the kitchen is split horizontally into two sections: the top slides up into a wall cavity while the bottom swings open on a hinge. The top leaf of the door has a leadlight panel with a similar pattern to the other dining room windows.</p><br>
<p>The central hall opens off the living room and runs to the informal living room at the rear of the house providing access to the main and second bedrooms, the bathroom and the dining room along the way. The hall has a 3.5 metre high ceiling and various high-waisted three-panel doors, with timber fretwork fanlights above, open off it. A clear finished cupboard in the hall contains the original silky oak telephone stand.</p><br>
<p>The main bedroom has an early pendant light fitting and two early brass wall lights in the north-east corner. The bay window contains the original bench window seat and brass window hardware. The second bedroom mirrors this decoration scheme. The enclosed western verandah serves as a third bedroom. Eight-light French doors open onto this space from the main and second bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The bathroom retains many original finishes including: green faux- marble panelling to the walls with black faux-marble jointing and skirting strips, and rubber tile flooring. Above the height of 2.4 metres painted timber boards line the walls and ceiling. The bathtub and washbasin are early fixtures, as are the towel rails. There appears to be a hidden cupboard between the bathroom and hallway.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen also retains many original features including: a sink with legs, sideboard, the serving hatch and stove recess, and the linoleum floor covering with its cardboard backing. Metal bracing for a hot water service is mounted high on a wall. Similar panelling to that used in the bathroom lines the stove recess and the splashback between the sink-top and window sill.</p><br>
<p>Flat sheeting lines the walls of the enclosed rear verandah to a height of about 2.5 metres above floor level. Above, the timber framing is exposed to the northern side while timber boarding lines the southern wall. Beyond this lounge is a narrow verandah with a skillion roof that incorporates a toilet, the rear stairs, and the kitchen pantry and stove recess.</p><br>
<p>A slab has been laid throughout the under-croft of the house which is used for storage. Round timber stumps support the house.</p><br>
<p>The front boundary is delineated by the original fence which has a rendered masonry base and posts with square caps. Attached to the posts are frames made from tubular steel that are filled with chainmesh.</p><br>
<p>The yard comprises various garden beds with concrete edging set within areas of lawn. These beds wrap around the front and both sides of the house and line the front fence, parallel to it. They are generally rectangular, one metre wide and four to six metres long. A curving concrete path leads from the gate on Edith Street to the landing of the front stairs, dividing the front yard roughly in half with the garden beds arranged symmetrically either side. Midway between the front fence and the house are two circular beds, two metres in diameter, either side of the path. In line with the rectangular beds set off from the western elevation is a circular one at the rear. Similar beds break up the area of lawn on the eastern side of the house. There is also a narrow rectangular bed located at the rear of the lot about 15 metres behind the south-east corner of the house. A recent swimming pool and entertaining area have been constructed at the rear of the house and are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The original garage of the south-eastern corner of the house is timber-framed and has a gabled roof. Both its roof and walls are clad in corrugated sheet steel.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>See Poy House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 November 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House (1932), the home of Johnstone See Poy, who for more than 50 years was the general manager of Queenslands only Chinese Australian owned and operated large department store, See Poy & Sons, is important in demonstrating an aspect of the pattern of Queenslands Chinese migration history. It illustrates the way in which early Chinese migrants achieved monetary success, social standing and integration with the wider community, and contributes significantly to the understanding of a prominent Chinese Australian business family&#39;s way of life in regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House has a special association with the See Poy family, particularly Johnstone See Poy, general manager of the firm See Poy & Sons, and his wife Theodora. The See Poys were an important Chinese Australian family in north Queensland history, operating See Poy & Sons, a major department store, for approximately 100 years following its establishment by Taam Sze Pui (Tom See Poy). They were important members of the north Queensland community, involved in many social, sporting and philanthropic activities, many of which Johnstone and his wife hosted in this house during the more than 50 years they resided there.</p><br>
<p>See Poy House - a symbol of the family&#39;s success and its desire to participate in the Innisfail community - is the last remaining link to the prominent role these Chinese Australians played in the social and economic development of north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Dale Iron Furnace was a 19th-century iron smelting facility in Brandon, Vermont. Located off Vermont Route 73 east of the village of Forest Dale, it operated between 1810 and 1855, closing due to competition from higher quality and more efficient furnaces. Now reduced to archaeological ruins and the remains of its main furnace stack, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The site is marked by a historic marker on Vermont 73.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Forest Dale Iron Furnace is located in eastern Brandon, on the north side of Vermont 73 just east of Furnace Road. The site now consists of a generally level area, much of it grassy, with the principal visible portion, the furnace stack, set in the woods just north of the field, accessible via a trail off Furnace Road. The stack is a square stone and brick structure, about 60 ft tall, 32 ft square at the base, tapering as it rises. Three sides have arched openings with stone voussoirs at ground level, about 8 ft wide at the mouth, that taper as the recede into the structure. A central chamber is lined with brick. Other features of the site include a raceway and wheelpit, originally fed by waters from the nearby Neshobe River, and some stone retaining walls. The area is littered with stone, and there are several stone foundations of other structures that once stood on the site.</p><br>
<p>The furnace was established in 1810 by John Smith of Leicester, Vermont, and was in operation, under a variety of names and owners, until 1855. Brown hematite ore from nearby beds was processed with local charcoal to produce iron, which was formed into utilitarian implements such as stoves, agricultural implements, and hardware. The works was not particularly efficient, and its sales were hampered by a poor transportation network. More advanced and better-connected works, particularly in Troy, New York, contributed to its downfall, and the site was abandoned in 1855. It was given to the state in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Old Allamakee County Courthouse, located on 2nd Street in Lansing, is a short-lived former county courthouse of Allamakee County, Iowa. The courthouse was completed in 1861 amid a fight between Lansing and Waukon over which community deserved to be the county seat. Lansing had lost a vote on the county seat to Waukon in 1859, but they won another vote in 1861 after teaming up with the community of Columbus. Waukon built its own courthouse in the meantime, but it failed to win back the county seat in yet another vote in 1864. The county sheriff, a Waukon resident, attempted to seize the county&#39;s records from the Lansing courthouse in 1866; however, a posse from Lansing stopped him before he could return to Waukon. The Iowa Supreme Court decided the county seat battle in favor of Waukon the following year; it has remained there since.</p><br>
<p>The Lansing courthouse is now one of the only Greek Revival courthouses remaining in Iowa. The building features a recessed portico at the front entrance and curved stairways in its front corners, features not seen in any other Iowa courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places of February 24, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cape Sterligov  is a headland in the Kara Sea, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Sterligov is located on the western shore of the Taymyr Peninsula, at the northern end of Toll Bay.</p><br>
<p>Lishny Island (76&deg;57&prime;N latitude, 100&deg;27&prime;E longitude) lies to the WNW of Cape Sterligov, about 16 km from its shores. The cape is in an area of tundra and the weather is extremely cold, with prolonged icy winters. The sea off the cape is covered in ice most of the year.Sea ice conditions observed from satellite</p><br>
<p>remote-sensing data - 5.1 Ye.U. Mironov, I.Ye. Frolov, V.A. Spichkin, V.P. Karklin, I.D. Karelin, Y.A. Gorbunov, S.M. Losev, Western part of the Northern Sea Route.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1921 Nikifor Begichev led a Soviet expedition in search for Roald Amundsens 1919 Arctic expeditions crew members Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen on request of the government of Norway. Checking the remains of campfires, Begichev was able to establish that Amundsen&#39;s men had passed Cape Vilda, more than halfway down their journey, and that at that point all was well. On August 2, 1919, 90 km west of Cape Vilda, the abandoned Norwegian sledge was found by Captain Jakobsen, a Norwegian who went with Begichev, indicating that something had gone wrong with his two ill-fated compatriots. Later during the search other materials were found near Cape Sterligov.</p><br>
<p>On 24 September 1995 a Norilsk Air Enterprise Mil Mi-2 helicopter crashed and sank through the ice while attempting to land at Cape Sterligov.</p><br>
<p>St Saviour&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed former church building at 26 Hynes Street, South Johnstone, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1938 to 1939 by Mose Romano. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Saviour&#39;s Church in South Johnstone was completed in 1939 to serve Church of England (Anglican from 1981) parishioners at the southern end of the parish of Innisfail. Reputedly it was designed by Arthur Brown and constructed by local builder Mose Romano. Reverend John Feetham, Anglican Bishop of North Queensland, consecrated the church on Palm Sunday, 2 April 1939. It was used for Anglican religious service until 2003 and is currently privately owned.</p><br>
<p>South Johnstone is part of the Innisfail district (Innisfail was known as Geraldton until 1911). Thomas Henry Fitzgerald, who arrived on the banks of the Johnstone River to grow sugar cane on a 10,000 hectare land grant funded by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane and All Hallows&#39; Sisters of Mercy, founded the port of Geraldton in 1880. Others arrived soon after and a community was soon established with an economy firmly based on sugar production. In 1882 a sugar mill was built at Mourilyan followed by the establishment of the South Johnstone Mill in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Sugar cane farming was labour intensive, and as a result the region attracted a diverse racial mix of people including Pacific Islanders, Chinese, Italians, Malays, Japanese and Javanese. The prosperity of the sugar industry became dependent on the contract labour provided by Pacific Islanders in particular. The Chinese population, mainly failed miners from the Palmer River goldrush, established market gardens on the North and South Johnstone Rivers to supply goods for the workers in the sugar industry. The first Italian migrants arrived in North Queensland in December 1891 and were soon joined by friends and relatives to establish the strong Italian farming community that continues in the Innisfail region today.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the South Johnstone Sugar Mill in 1916 provided the stimulus for the development of the town of South Johnstone. At the time of opening, 100 farmers supplied cane for the first crush, and by 1930 this had grown to 300 farms supplying cane to the South Johnstone Mill.</p><br>
<p>The First World War accentuated the decline of the western mineral fields of North Queensland, and a large population shift took place to the expanding coastal sugar production areas such as the Johnstone, Tully, Mackay, Cairns and Babinda areas where miners were reportedly in demand as preferred workers for the sugar mills and farms. Census information shows a steady increase in the population of Johnstone Shire from 1901 (population 2,924) to 1925 (population 8,000) and 1934-5 when the population was reported at 12,777. The population increase corresponds with a steady rise in sugar production in the Shire, particularly from 1924.</p><br>
<p>A cyclone in 1918 destroyed many buildings in the South Johnstone area, after which buildings were constructed of solid materials such as brick and concrete where possible. The Innisfail district, including South Johsntone, prospered in the 1920s due to the success of the local sugar industry. Sugar growing and milling also supported the area through the worldwide economic depression of the early 1930s. Many of the public and commercial buildings constructed in the area during the 1920s and 1930s, including St Savour&#39;s Church at South Johnstone, reflect the fashionable architectural and decorative styles of the interwar period, such as Mediterranean, Spanish Mission and "Art Deco".</p><br>
<p>The Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas, an organisation of Anglican priests that had served the western mineral fields since its inception in Herberton in 1902, began to work in the developing coastal sugar areas after 1924. Between 1926 and 1939 the Anglican Church, aided by the Bush Brotherhoods embarked on ambitious church building schemes in the developing sugar areas of North Queensland. Seven churches, including St Saviour&#39;s, were dedicated or consecrated during this time in coastal sugar towns such as Cairns, Tully, Innisfail, Mackay and South Johnstone.</p><br>
<p>The Brotherhood of St Barnabas was one of a group of Brotherhoods founded in 1896 to address the problems of providing pastoral care in the sparsely settled areas of Queensland. The Brothers were volunteers, recruited from England to work for five years in the developing colony of Queensland, travelling where they were needed, remaining unmarried for their time of service and receiving only board and lodging and an annual payment of £25 for personal items in return for their service in often difficult conditions.</p><br>
<p>South Johnstone Anglicans had been under the care of the priests serving the parishes of Cairns and Geraldton (later Innisfail), since the late 1890s. The first Church of England service in Geraldton was held in the Geraldton Division Board Hall in 1898, and was conducted by priests from the Parish of Cairns. In 1899 a timber church was constructed on the corner of Alice and Rankin Streets and a rectory was built on the corner of Alice and Owen Street in 1905. In 1900 the Parish of Geraldton was separated from the Parish of Cairns. The church was moved to a bigger site on Rankin Street in 1917, but this church, along with most of the town, was destroyed by the devastating cyclone of 1918. It was replaced by St Alban&#39;s church, on the corner of Rankin and Alice Streets, which was opened and dedicated on 5 October 1929.</p><br>
<p>Few Church of England rectors stayed longer than five years in the Parish of Innisfail and visiting priests such as the Bush Brotherhood were relied on heavily. From 1931 to 1933 members of the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas (Rev. HA Norton, Rev. EW Gribble and Rev. CG Brown) served the Parish, then members of the Bush Brotherhood of St Lawrence (Rev. NA Townsend, Rev. Ray Campbell and Rev. Underhill) took over the responsibility until 1938. Church records indicate that the building of St Saviour&#39;s Church was due to the efforts and enthusiasm of Brother Ray Campbell in particular.</p><br>
<p>On 22 October 1935 the Church of England purchased a 1012m block of land in South Johnstone for the erection of a daughter church to St Alban&#39;s. The site was purchased from Jose Maria for a cost of £65, and the concrete building was constructed in 1938-39 by Mose Romano at a cost of £1000. It is understood that the porch and vestry were added at a later date. The design, reputedly by Arthur Brown, was in Spanish Mission style.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop of North Queensland, Reverend John Olive Feetham, who ten years earlier had conducted a similar ceremony at St Albans, dedicated St Saviours Anglican Church on Palm Sunday, 2 April 1939. Half of the construction cost had been paid by this time. An active St Saviour&#39;s Ladies Guild subsequently raised funds through dances and other activities to help finance the remaining debt. Bequests also contributed to reduction of the debt.</p><br>
<p>Rev. EW Gribble returned as the incumbent rector in Innisfail parish from 1940 to 1945 after completing the required five years of voluntary service to the Brotherhood of St Barnabas.</p><br>
<p>St Saviours provided a place of worship for Church of England parishioners at the southern end of the parish of Innisfail, with Holy Communion celebrated regularly on Sundays and weekdays. However, from the 1940s the population of South Johnstone began to decline. St Albans Parish Notes of March 1946, records "notes from St Saviour&#39;s always seem to include accounts of farewell parties these days".</p><br>
<p>From the 1960s the building was shared as a place of worship by minority religions in the district. One parishioner remembers the Lutheran Church holding services (twice monthly) and Sunday school in St Saviour&#39;s for around 20 years from 1969. Pastor George Rosendale, from the Lutheran Mission of Hope Valley (now Hopevale), was one of the Ministers to serve the Lutheran congregation in South Johnstone. He was one of the first Aboriginal Lutheran pastors.</p><br>
<p>The Pew Bulletin in June 2003 noted the cost and on-going maintenance issues of parish properties and included an assessment of the Sunday ministry at St Saviour&#39;s. Because of these concerns the church was advertised for sale in July 2003 and subsequently was sold to a local business that currently uses the building as a training centre.</p><br>
<p>Internal furnishings, including the altar and pews, were removed when the church was sold in August 2003. Changes to the external fabric of the building, including removal of most of the front concrete fence, removal of the external crosses, removal and replacement of the front window architrave and the installation of air conditioning units, took place between the time of the sale and February 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Saviour&#39;s is a rendered masonry building with a corrugated iron roof. It is rectangular in plan with a separately-roofed front entrance porch and a northern rear vestry wing. It faces east onto Hynes Street, the main street of South Johnstone, and the symmetrically arranged facade, with its curved parapets to the front gable and front porch, and banks of windows with semi-circular arched fanlights, along the side elevations, makes an aesthetic contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation has a six-paned timber framed casement window with semi-circular fanlight, either side of the centrally positioned front entrance porch, which is accessed from the north side via two concrete steps. The porch is enclosed with rendered masonry walls and has a flat corrugated iron roof concealed by a curved parapet, which mimics the front gable to the main building. There is a semi-circular arched window in the south wall of the porch, in-filled partly with glass and metal louvers and partly with a timber panel. The front wall of the porch until very recently had a grouped arched opening comprising three six-paned timber-framed casement windows with fanlights. The windows had been removed at the time of inspection, leaving a large open space in the wall with the central fanlight still in place. The porch gives access to the main entrance to the church, which consists of arched timber French doors.</p><br>
<p>The side walls extend 15 metres from the front to the rear of the building, with three grouped arched openings consisting of three six-paned timber-framed casement windows, the central window in each group being taller than the others, and one six-paned timber-framed casement window to the rear, on each side wall. There are two single six-paned timber-framed casement windows in the rear wall. All windows, other than the louvre window in the porch, have semi-circular fanlights and textured glass. There are five buttresses along each wall.</p><br>
<p>A vestry wing extends 4 metres out from the northern wall at the rear of the building. There is a timber door on the eastern side of the wing, facing the street, which permits external access to the vestry. The doorway has a trim consisting of a painted red arch with a red cross above the door, inside the arch. There are three concrete steps, painted red, leading up to the door.</p><br>
<p>Externally the building is painted white with red trim on the external windowsills, fascia and on the trim below the top of the parapet. Gutters are painted green.</p><br>
<p>Internally the walls are painted light green with white window frames and white ceilings. The floors of the nave, sanctuary and vestry are of concrete. There is an angled wood-panelled ceiling in the nave. Three overhead fans are suspended from the nave ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary is separated from the nave by a small step, a timber partition that drops from the ceiling, and folding timber doors. An arched opening leads through the northern wall to the vestry. A bench with a sink and laminate cupboard are against one wall of the vestry. This furniture is not significant. The western end of the vestry has been enclosed for a toilet.</p><br>
<p>No original church furniture remains inside the building.</p><br>
<p>The grounds consist of lawn with a gravel access driveway along the southern side of the building. A concrete path leads from the building to the gate. Two gate posts and the two external posts from the original front concrete fence remain in place and have embossed crosses. The remainder of the front fence has been replaced with cyclone wire fencing and a new gate, retaining the view of the church from the street. Neither the wire elements of the front fence nor the new green Colourbond fence along the rear and side boundary of the block have heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former St Saviour&#39;s Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Saviours Anglican Church, erected in 1938-39 to service the then expanding population of the Innisfail district, is important in demonstrating the pattern of settlement associated with the growth of North Queenslands sugar industry. In particular it illustrates how the growth of the North Queensland sugar industry during the interwar period generated prosperity in small communities such as South Johnstone, enabling parishioners to construct their places of worship in masonry rather than the more usual timber. It is important also as surviving evidence of the work of the priests of the Bush Brotherhoods of St Barnabas and St Lawrence, who served the Anglican parish of Innisfail from 1931-38.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The substantial, rendered masonry church in the Spanish Mission style remains largely intact. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, and is illustrative of its era.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a rare and surviving church building constructed by the Bush Brotherhood of St Barnabas and St Lawrence, the former St Saviours Anglican Church, South Johnstone, has a special association with the work of the Bush Brotherhood, who were important in the Anglican Churchs (Church of England) presence in remote areas of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The English Tea House and Restaurant is an English tea house and restaurant that was located in Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia on a little hill overlooking the Sulu Sea from the Sandakan Bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tea house was opened in 8 December 2002, with the building architecture was inspired from the former house of the famous American author, Agnes Newton Keith that was situated not far from the tea house.</p><br>
<h2>Decoration</h2><br>
<p>The building is built based on English colonial architecture and is surrounded by 1.5 acres manicured lawns complete with a croquet pitch and outdoor seating.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>The tea house room serving English tea while the restaurants offers traditional English cuisine as well Asian cuisine.</p><br>
<p>Tully State School is a heritage-listed state school at 17 Mars Street, Tully, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1936 to 1937. It is also known as Tully Rural School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tully State School was constructed in 1936-37 on the site of the original school, which was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The town of Tully (initially known as Banyan) was established in the early 1920s, following the Queensland Government&#39;s decision in 1922 to erect a sugar mill in the Tully River Valley. The mill buildings were erected 1924-25, and with the mill came the roads, railway, bridges and the township of Tully. The latter originated as a shanty town near Banyan Creek, but was surveyed as the town of Tully in April 1924.</p><br>
<p>A temporary state school was opened in a galvanised iron shed on the mill site on 30 June 1924, and a purpose-designed timber state school building was erected on the present school reserve in 1925-26.</p><br>
<p>In late 1932/early 1933, the Tully State School committee, encouraged by the districts rapid progress and the towns function as a regional centre, had agitated for the conversion of the school to a rural school. The rural school system had been introduced at Nambour State School in 1917. In this new form of vocational school, the younger grades followed the usual primary school curriculum, but in the upper grades, boys were taught manual arts, elementary agriculture and farm management, while girls were taught home management and needlework skills, in addition to the more usual academic studies. Rural school status was conferred on schools which drew on a wide regional population for enrolment, and for a town to acquire a rural school was something of a status symbol. Rural schools remained an important part of the education system until phased out in the 1960s, when state secondary education was being expanded.</p><br>
<p>By March 1934, the school committee had raised £200 toward the construction of manual training and domestic science facilities, and a new block was opened to students on 5 November 1934, at which time the school became Tully Rural School.</p><br>
<p>On 22 November 1935, Tully Rural School was destroyed by arson. The school was housed in temporary accommodation, firstly at the showgrounds, and then in the local Irish Club and CWA halls, until the present brick building was completed.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a new, substantial brick primary and rural school were prepared in the office of the Queensland Government Architect, Public Works Department. The Chief Architect at this time was Andrew Baxter Leven (1885-1966). Leven was born, educated and worked as an Inspector of Works in Scotland before migrating to Australia. From 1910 to 1951 he was employed by the Queensland Government Works Department and was Chief Architect and Quantity Surveyor from 1933 to 1951. Other members of the office involved in the design of the Tully Rural School were William Jestyn Moulds and Harold James Parr.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s Depression a government-initiated works scheme was established to create employment. This involved the employment of architects, foremen, day labourers and the use of local materials in the design and construction of government buildings such as court houses, government offices and state schools. This scheme, under which the replacement Tully Rural School was constructed, was instigated by Labor Premier William Forgan Smith.</p><br>
<p>The new school cost approximately £13,000, and contained 8 classrooms, head teacher&#39;s room, cloakrooms, and male and female staffrooms. The area underneath was concreted to form a large sheltered play area.</p><br>
<p>The new building was occupied from the beginning of the 1938 school year, and was opened officially by Hon. Percy Pease, MLA for Herbert and Deputy Premier, on 1 February that year. A new head teacher, Mr Charles Arthur Irish, was appointed, with instructions to turn Tully school into a real rural school. Some of the projects he initiated included: a forestry plot planted with Kauri and Hoop pines and Indian Teak; annual plantings in the school grounds, including a grove of maple (the gardens are now considered amongst the finest in Queensland state schools); poultry raising; a bushhouse of ferns; garden rock walling; and manual training programmes which supplied the school with blackboard frames, library cupboards, and other joinery. A theatre was built under the school, and a sports oval was developed adjacent to the forestry plot.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, student project clubs raised funds for the local Red Cross and Comfort Funds, with boys growing and selling vegetables, and girls cutting and selling flowers from the school gardens they tended. At this period the garden included over 300 rose bushes. Domestic Science students made clothing for the children of Britain, and large fetes were conducted annually, the proceeds of which were shared between the school and the patriotic societies.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Memorial Gates were erected; these list the past pupils and teachers who served with the armed forces during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>A secondary department was established at Tully Rural School in 1951, in a temporary timber building, and this functioned until a high school was erected at Tully in 1964. About this time, Tully Rural School reverted to Tully State School, but high school students continued to use the domestic science and manual arts facilities at the primary school for some years.</p><br>
<p>There have been a number of additional buildings erected at Tully State School since 1937, but these are not included in the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tully State Rural School is a single-storeyed brick building with a corrugated iron roof, which is capped with a cupola. The building is elevated on brick piers which forms an undercroft playing area. The building has a central entrance gable and two end gables, which are decorated with a machicolation motif. The gables are connected by arcaded verandahs which have been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are well tended and include substantial plantings of trees, palms and shrubs.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tully State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Tully State School, erected in 1936-37, is significant as a substantial interwar building which reflects Tullys growth and prosperity accompanying the expansion of the sugar industry in the 1930s. It also illustrates the State Governments commitment to Tully as a district service centre during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Tully State School is significant as an excellent regional example of a school building designed for the North Queensland climate, being raised above an open undercroft; with wide verandahs and ventilators. The use of brick and restrained detailing is typical for government buildings of the period, and Tully State School follows in the tradition of fine buildings erected by the Queensland Public Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Tully State School follows in the tradition of fine buildings erected by the Queensland Public Works Department. It is an outstanding example of a school building designed by the office of the Queensland Government Architect, which at the time was the equal of any architectural office in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Tully Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at 46 Bryant Street, Tully, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Nigel Laman Thomas of the Department of Public Works  and built from 1941 to 1945. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A low-set, masonry building with timber verandahs, the Tully Courthouse was designed in 1941 during a period when Tully, and other sugar towns in Queensland were experiencing a development boom.</p><br>
<p>Chinese banana farmers had been clearing and farming along the Tully River from the early twentieth century but settlement in the vicinity of the township of Tully began in 1906 when James Savage selected land on Banyan Creek. The upper Banyan lands were opened for selection in 1912 and the area expanded rapidly after 1924 when the Tully Sugar Mill was erected and the railway extended to the area.</p><br>
<p>The survey of the town site of Tully, named after the Surveyor General William Alcock Tully in 1870, was completed in 1924. A provisional school was opened in a shed on the Mill site in 1924; the National Bank, the first bank in the town, opened in 1925; the Sugar Mill provided electricity for the town from 1927; Cardwell Shire offices opened in Tully in 1930; the town water supply was completed in 1933; and the Fire Brigade established in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Tully was gazetted under the Police Act as a Police District in January 1925 and the first police station was established in a one-room shack with a post to which prisoners were shackled. Tully was gazetted as a place for holding Courts of Petty Session in 1926 and a former post office building was removed from Banyan to Tully and functioned as a court building until the present Courthouse was completed in 1945.</p><br>
<p>A modest, low-set, T-shaped, masonry building with timber verandahs to each side, the Tully Courthouse was designed in 1941 as part of the extensive public works building program instigated by the Forgan Smith Government to counter the effects of the Depression. Construction was delayed by the outbreak of World War II and the building was finally erected in 1945.</p><br>
<p>The Tully Courthouse was designed by Nigel Laman Thomas, an architect in the Department of Public Works whose most notable work includes the former University of Queensland Library (now the Queensland University of Technology U block) at Gardens Point, Brisbane. Tully Courthouse displays formal architectural influences adapted to the tropical Tully climate. The layout and form of the building are characteristic of courthouse design of early twentieth century with a general office and associated offices off the front verandah and a single courtroom space surrounded by verandahs in the main body of the building. A well-composed building with formal qualities, symmetrical massing and repetitive rhythmic detailing give a sober, civic presence to the township.</p><br>
<p>The building has been in continuous use as a courthouse and public offices since 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A facebrick, T-shaped building on a low rendered brick base, the Tully Courthouse is symmetrical about a gabled front entry porch projecting from an open verandah. The gabled entry front has a central bullseye vent and crisscross balustrading to each side of entrance. The verandah is divided into bays by paired timber posts with decorative capitals and has vertical timber slat balustrading. On line with the entry stairs, two sets of French doors open from the general office and to each side there are two sets of French doors and six-pane sash windows opening from other offices. Horizontal bands of rendered brick extend around the building at window head and sill levels.</p><br>
<p>Two sets of French doors and three timber sash windows open from the courtroom onto each of the north and south verandahs which are both symmetrical about a set of plain timber stairs. The east verandah is symmetrical about a set of timber stairs onto a verandah with enclosed corner rooms which are accessed from the north and south verandahs. The posts and balustrading are similar on all verandahs. Externally the building is substantially intact.</p><br>
<p>Fence posts, consistent with the character and age of the building, survive marking the entrance to the site and a recent chain link fence borders that boundary of the site. A palm tree sits within the grounds of the building adjacent to the principal entrance and several other large trees surround the other three sides of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tully Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>A modest, masonry building with discrete timber verandahs, the Tully Courthouse contributes a civic presence to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The Tully Courthouse is important for its association with law and order and the dispensing of justice in Tully since its construction in 1945. Part of a reserve of police and law enforcement buildings, the building demonstrates the early civic history of Tully.</p><br>
<p>The Tully Courthouse is important for its association with the development of Tully as a commercial and official centre for the surrounding farming district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a courthouse building of the first half of the twentieth century and the design and plan illustrate the way in which an interwar courthouse operated.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>has special social value for the community for its continued use a public building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tully Courthouse is important for its association with the work of Department of Public Works architect NL Thomas and is a fine example of interwar Queensland public works design.</p><br>
<p>Babinda State Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 65-85 Munro Street, Babinda, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1916 to 1917 by day labour. It is also known as Babinda Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 February 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Government constructed the Babinda State Hotel in the town of Babinda between 1916 and 1917. It was the only hotel at the time constructed and operated by the Queensland Government under the Labor Government&#39;s State Enterprises scheme.</p><br>
<p>The town of Babinda was first established in. The townships first entry in Pughs Almanac describes Babinda as a small township of 100 people on Mulgrave Railway, in a district mainly devoted to sugar-growing, distant 30 miles from Cairns. Between 1914 and 1915 the population of Babinda rose rapidly due to the construction of the Babinda Central Sugar Mill. The town was surveyed for future development in 1915, and private owners bought allotments and began to build homes and businesses. Gradually government facilities were established to serve the local community including a post office, courthouse, police station and state school.</p><br>
<p>From 1915 the Labor Government, led by TJ Ryan and encouraged by wartime restrictions, food shortages and the consequent high prices, established a series of state-run businesses to compete with private sector business. The idea of state enterprises was not new. During the 19th century governments had operated railways and post offices as monopolies, but the general public accepted these as legitimate areas of government. The new state enterprises were distinctly different and designed to directly compete with private enterprise in order to provide the basic necessities at reasonable prices. The first foray into state enterprises was the establishment of the state butchers shops in 1915. This was followed by the establishment of state pastoral stations, fish supply shops, saw mills, produce agencies, cold stores and mines. Despite the good intentions of the government, the state enterprises lost money except for their one success story, the State Hotel at Babinda.</p><br>
<p>The construction of a State Hotel at Babinda was linked to the repercussions of the Sugar Works Act of 1911. Under this Act the sale of intoxicating liquor was prohibited in sugar growing areas and the two existing hotel licences in the town were revoked and the owners compensated. This left the town with a definite lack of accommodation in the area and it was suggested that the lack of quality accommodation in the town would discourage "the better class of labour" from seeking employment at the sugar refinery. To address this problem the Queensland Government built the first and only state owned and run hotel in Queensland. As it was run by the government, the hotel was also permitted to sell alcohol.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architects in the Department of Public Works and built by day labour, the hotel opened its doors to guests in May 1917. The hotel was a two storied modern structure of concrete and wood with a corrugated iron roof. It had 58 bedrooms, 24 in the First Class Section and 34 in the Second Class Section, and was "splendidly furnished throughout", with reputedly one of the largest bars of any hotel in Queensland. The new State Hotel was designed as a showpiece, and was to be the social centre of Babinda, as well as a major physical landmark in the town. It was the entertainment venue for important visitors and Prime Ministers Billy Hughes and Stanley Bruce were both greeted at civic receptions in the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Initially the hotel was operated by the Home Department and with a Manager appointed and paid by the Department. Following the passing of the State Enterprises Act of 1918 the management of the hotel was transferred to State Enterprises, which were administered by the State Trade Office - a part of the Department of Labour and Industry.</p><br>
<p>Unlike nearly all other State Enterprises, the State Hotel actually made money. In 1929 its turnover in the bar was more that £300 a week and that of the house was almost £200 a week. However, with the onset of the economic depression from 1929 and the massive losses other state enterprises were experiencing, the newly elected Country Party Government (Moore Ministry) in Queensland was intent on selling off all state enterprises.</p><br>
<p>Sale of the Hotel was announced in Queensland Parliament in September 1929 with the reading of a special bill The Babinda State Hotel Sale Act of 1929. To entice buyers the government offered a monopoly on hotel trade in the town at least until 1935. It was also a condition of the sale that the purchaser make an application to the licensing court for the deletion of the word "State" from the name of the hotel. Babinda residents opposed the decision to sell the hotel and urged the government to grant additional liquor licences in the area. The Labor party also expressed concern that a syndicate of Italians might buy the hotel, with the leader of the ALP William Forgan Smith suggesting that action had to be taken to safeguard the rights of Britishers. Despite this opposition the sale of the hotel went ahead as planned.</p><br>
<p>Consisting of two storey hotel buildings, including accommodation wings and staff quarters, modern furnishings, plant equipment, sample rooms, shop front and garage, the property was put to auction in March 1930. Only four bids were received for the hotel, the highest bid coming from a Mr J.A. OHagan of Brisbane. John OHagan, licensed victualler and former licensee of Lennons Hotel and the Hotel Daniel, continued his negotiations with the Government and eventually bought the hotel for 50,000 pounds, payable in instalments without interest. Upon the sale the hotel was renamed the Babinda Hotel.</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Hagan continued the grand tradition of the hotel up until the Second World War, when business declined and he sold the hotel in 1941. Since that period the hotel has had a succession of owners but has continued to operate as a hotel with accommodation facilities. The hotel has undergone few alterations over the years with the exception of the removal of the second-class accommodation wing and other outbuildings in 1970. It still remains the only hotel in the town of Babinda and dominates the commercial centre of Babinda.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Babinda Hotel is located on Munro Street, Babinda and occupies a prominent position in the town&#39;s main street.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel is a two-storey building, constructed of timber and roofed with corrugated iron sheeting. The front facade of the building features open verandahs with a series of single and double timber posts.</p><br>
<p>A gabled pediment in the centre of the building with a timber infill defines the entrance to the hotel. Twin timber doors, surrounded by leadlight windows inscribed with the BSH insignia, provide access to the hotel. On either side of the entrance are a number of casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the hotel consists of two bars (main bar and western bar), dining room, kitchen, gambling room, games room, gym, cellar/storeroom and private office. The second floor consists of a public accommodation wing that opens onto a wide verandah overlooking Munro Street as well as a private residence and an internal verandah that overlooks the games room.</p><br>
<p>The accommodation wing on the second floor features a number of ornate timber archways in the hallway and double French doors that open onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The main bar on the ground floor features steel beams that run across the ceiling that once transported kegs from the storeroom to the bar. The western bar (originally the private bar) features a silky oak archway and balustrade that defines the entrance of the bar and servery. The lower part of the walls of the main entrance and western bar are also silky oak.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the hotel there is a concrete slab that defines the old stable floors.</p><br>
<p>The ornate roof ventilator was removed in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Babinda Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 February 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Babinda Hotel, formerly known as the Babinda State Hotel, was erected in the town of Babinda in 1917 and demonstrates important aspects of Queensland&#39;s political and economic history of the early twentieth century. As an early building in the town of Babinda, the hotel also provides evidence of the history of Babinda as a sugar growing settlement in far north Queensland. The hotel provides physical evidence of a period in the history of the state of Queensland, which saw the Labor Government establish a series of state-run businesses to compete with private enterprise.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The State Hotel was the only hotel constructed and operated by the Queensland Government (one of only two known "state" hotels in the country) as part of the Labor Government&#39;s State Enterprises Scheme, which ran from 1915 until 1929.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The form of the State Hotel, and the facilities provided, demonstrate the characteristics of a country hotel from the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The Carey Islands  are an island group off Baffin Bay, in the Qaasuitsup municipality, NW Greenland. Located relatively far offshore the Carey Islands are the westernmost point of Greenland as a territory. The sea surrounding the islands is clogged by ice most of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago consists of six desolate islands, a few small islets and a number of rocks awash. It is located about 100 km to the west of Thule Air Base and 50 km to the SW of Cape Parry.</p><br>
<p>The nearest settlement is Moriusaq to the east on the coast of Greenland, abandoned since 2007.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<h4>Main islands</h4><br>
<p>Nordvestø, Isbjørneø and Mellemø form a compact cluster at the NW end of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Nordvestø, the biggest island with a length of 4.5 km and a width of nearly 3 km. This island&#39;s western landhead is the westernmost point of Greenland. Its highest point is 225 m.</p><br>
<p>Isbjørneø and Mellemø, lying close to the east and forming a natural harbour between them and Nordvestø.</p><br>
<p>Bordø and Björlingø, located further to the east; the latter having a 300 m high peak.</p><br>
<p>Fireø, lying in the southern area of the group.</p><br>
<h4>Islets</h4><br>
<p>Hollænderhatten and Tyreøjet are two small islets to the east of Fireø having a diameter of a few hundred metres. there are also numerous other islets and rocks, especially in the western sector of the archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands had been inhabited by the Inuit in the past; remains of their dwellings were found by Clements Markham in August 1851.</p><br>
<p>The Carey Islands&#39; were named by the 1616 Bylot-Baffin Arctic expedition after Allwin Carey, one of the financiers of the venture.</p><br>
<p>Swedish naturalists Alfred Björling and Evald Kallstenius stopped at the Carey Islands in 1892 during an expedition on schooner Ripple to pick up supplies at a cache there. The Ripple, however, was driven on shore and wrecked. The men attempted to sail a small sloop back to Etah, but were forced to return to the Carey Islands.</p><br>
<p>According to letters left by members of the ill-fated expedition in a cairn on the islands, the remaining four men attempted to sail their open boat 80 miles to Ellesmere Island:</p><br>
<p>In June 1893, the crew of the Scottish whaler Aurora spotted a wreck on the Carey Islands. They found the Ripple, a man’s body buried under a pile of stones, and Björling&#39;s letters. No trace of the other four men, or the small boat, was ever found.</p><br>
<p>Lake Papaitonga is located in the Horowhenua, an area of the southern Manawatu-Wanganui region in New Zealand&#39;s North Island. Part of the Papaitonga Scenic Reserve, a 135 ha area of forest and wetland, it is the only remaining lake bordered by undisturbed native forest in the Horowhenua region, and contains two populations of endangered native land snails. The traditional home of the Muaūpoko people, the lake was the scene of their massacre and defeat by invading chief Te Rauparaha. The naturalist Walter Buller later managed to purchase Papaitonga and its environs for his country home, which led to its forest being preserved and it eventually becoming a scenic reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Although it is generally known as Papaitonga, the lake&#39;s traditional name is Waiwiri or "trembling waters". Papaitonga, "beauty of the south", is the original name of its largest island in the lake. Over time that name came to be used for the scenic reserve around the lake, and eventually for the lake itself. The lake is increasingly being referred to as Lake Waiwiri.</p><br>
<p>The names Motukiwi and Motungarara, often used to refer to the islands Papaitonga and Papawharangi respectively, are not traditional Māori names; they were invented by Walter Buller in the 1890s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies on a sandy plain in the Horowhenua, 6 km southwest of central Levin and 5.9 km from Hokio Beach on the Tasman Sea. It covers 61.8 hectare, but is shallow, less than 1 m deep. The lake was once a sandy coastal lagoon at the mouth of the Ohau River, and the forested terraces on its landward side were once sea cliffs. Over time, sand dunes built up, the river changed its course, and the sea retreated, until about 9000 years ago the lagoon was dammed and became a dune lake. The lake was relatively deep and stable until the 1940s, but with the increase in horticulture nearby and the digging of irrigation bores it is becoming increasingly shallow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was the home of the Māori Muaūpoko iwi, who lived in several villages around it and harvested longfin and shortfin eels, waterfowl, and kakahi from its wetlands. Brown teal were chased into snares hung just above the water.In 1822, Te Rauparaha and the Ngāti Toa arrived in the area. They were initially welcomed, but after the murder of a Muaūpoko woman Te Rauparaha narrowly escaped being assassinated; his son and daughter were killed. He and his warriors vowed revenge, and eventually returned and massacred 600 Muaūpoko on Papaitonga Island; the tribe was defeated and lost their territory, influence, and prestige. The lake was taken over by a hapū of Ngāti Raukawa, and ever since ownership and use of it has been contested by both them and descendants of the surviving Muaūpoko.</p><br>
<p>The Muaūpoko had their revenge during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, under the leadership of the chief Te Kēpa Te Rangihiwinui, who went by the Pākehā name of Major Kemp. Te Kēpa used his status as a war hero to keep hold of traditional Muaūpoko land, but was unable to prevent disputes with other iwi and within his own tribe, leading to the sale of land for railways and farming. Court cases led to debate in parliament and finally in 1896 a Royal Commission into land sales in the Horowhenua.</p><br>
<p>Lawyer and ornithologist Walter Buller, who had represented Te Kēpa in the legal dispute, took the lake and 1300 acres of land as his fee in 1891. Governor Sir George Grey had previously attempted to buy Papaitonga in 1864 with Buller&#39;s help, but been rebuffed. Buller had long coveted Papaitonga: when he first saw the lake he was "struck by its singular loveliness", and called it "one of the prettiest bits of scenery in New Zealand".</p><br>
<p>Buller intended to build a wildlife sanctuary and country estate around the lake, and carefully preserved the forest and wetland, while introducing species of birds both native and exotic; five white swans from the Royal flock in Kew Gardens were released in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Papaitonga was a popular recreation spot in the early 1900s. In 1901, 11.5 ha of the forest around the lake was reserved from Crown land for the preservation of native bush, and in 1903 the government&#39;s Scenery Preservation Committee resolved to clear a space in the forest for picnics. In 1930 the forest was made a scenic reserve, and the lake was purchased by the government from a Ngāti Raukawa farmer in 1981 and added to the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Biology and conservation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is bordered on two sides by wetland podocarp forest. The wetland forest is dominated by kahikatea, pukatea, and swamp maire, with substantial amounts of kie kie in the understorey. The drier forest on the higher surrounding terraces is largely tawa, kohekohe, and māhoe, with some rimu and titoki. The southwest to northwest shores are pasture and largely bare of trees.</p><br>
<p>Lake Papaitonga has long been a waterfowl sanctuary; when Buller lived there, up to 200 brown teal (today an endangered species) could be seen at a time. Black swan, shoveler, mallards, and dabchicks live on the lake, and kingfishers, pukeko, harriers, kererū, and welcome swallows are also present.</p><br>
<p>Northeastern Papaitonga Scenic Reserve contains most of the worlds population of the endangered land snail Powelliphanta traversi traversi, found in the damp lowland gullies – this is one of only two places in the world this snail occurs (the other is Waiopehu Reserve near Levin). There is also a population of the closely related subspecies P. t. florida, living at the southeastern side of the lake. One hypothesis is that these two subspecies were formerly separated by the Ohau River, which once ran north of its present course into Lake Horowhenua. The shifting of the rivers course has brought the two snail populations into contact at Papaitonga. These native snails are threatened by rats, which take up to 25% of adults annually, by introduced blackbirds and song thrushes, and by the gradual drying out of Papaitonga from construction of drainage ditches, artesian bores, and farm irrigation.</p><br>
<p>The reserve is administered by the Department of Conservation (DOC), who undertake possum and rat control, and have banned dogs, hunting, and mountain biking. In 2017, DOC captured an Australian water dragon that had been released into the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Buller, Walter L. (1893). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 26: 572–584</p><br>
<p>Reeves, William Pember. (1895) (poem composed after visiting Buller at Papaitonga)</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Passenger Depot-Storm Lake, also known as the Storm Lake Depot, was an historic building located in Storm Lake, Iowa, United States. The Iowa Falls & Sioux City Railroad, an Illinois Central Railroad  subsidiary, built the first tracks through town in 1870. They also built a two-story frame combination freight and passenger depot the same year. The present depot is a second generation IC structure built of brick. The buildings architectural style is Prairie School with Tudor Revival elements in the dormer and canopy ends. It was designed by IC architect E.E. Bihl, and it is similar to the railroads depots in Flossmoor, Illinois and Fort Dodge, Iowa. The new passenger depot was completed in August, 1915, and the old depot was re-purposed for a dedicated freight depot. It was torn down sometime before 1948. Passenger service remained high during the 1910s and 1920s, with the decline accelerating after World War II, and it ended all together in the late 1960s. While freight trains continue to use the IC&#39;s tracks, the depot has been abandoned. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The Storm Lake Illinois Central depot was demolished on February 25, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The William T. Donnell House is a historic house museum, part of the Maine Maritime Museum on Washington Street in Bath, Maine. It was built in 1868 for one of the city&#39;s leading shipbuilders of the late 19th century, and has remained relatively unaltered since his occupancy. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Donnell House stands on the east side of Washington Street, at roughly the northwestern corner of the campus of the Maine Maritime Museum, the former Percy and Small Shipyard. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and a combination of clapboard and shiplap siding. The front (street-facing) facade is three bays wide, with clipped-gable dormer at the center, and a single-story porch extending across the front, supported by square posts set on paneled blocks. Windows are topped by decorative hoods, and the roofline is bracketed and dentillated. The interior is reflective of a late 19th century remodeling.</p><br>
<p>The house was most likely built in 1868, one year after the property was purchased (without house) by William T. Donnell. Donnell was a shipwright who married the daughter of Henry Hitchcock, owner of the shipyard located northeast of the house. That shipyard, which Donnell came to own, was one of the most active of Bath&#39;s shipyards in the 1870s and 1880s, producing more than 20 schooners in the years between 1866 and 1901. Donnell also owned and operated some of those ships as a merchant, and served in the state legislature. He sold the land that eventually became the Percy & Small Shipyard, founded in 1896. His house was acquired by the Maine Maritime Museum in 1974, and restored to its late 19th century appearance. Its interior is viewable with museum admission.</p><br>
<p>The Henry W. Miller House is a historic house located at 11672 West Norris Lane in Galena, Illinois. Henry W. Miller, a flour wholesaler and dealer who played an important role in Galena&#39;s large flour-producing industry, had the house built between 1847 and 1850. The house was built on a plot of land overlooking the plank toll road that connected Galena to Dubuque, Iowa and Mineral Point, Wisconsin; the route, which is now part of USA Route 20, eventually became known for its collection of large, elaborate homes. Miller chose the popular Greek Revival style for his house; its design features sidelights and a transom around the front door, a door surround with pilasters and dentillation, and a symmetrical front with six-over-six windows. Richard Barrett, who owned the house in the 1870s, added its Italianate bay window.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 13, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Charles F. and Ruth Chase House, also known as the Judge Whitmore House, is a historic residence located in Atlantic, Iowa, United States. Charles and Ruth Chase established a local newspaper, the Atlantic News-Telegraph. Their son, Edwin Percy Chase, joined his father in the business and won the Pulitzer Prize for the best editorial of 1933. Ruth Chase bought the property the house was built on in 1914 from Dr. F. W. Porterfield for $2,500. The Porterfield house was torn down and this home was completed the following year. It was designed by Creston, Iowa architect Clarence Yule, and is based upon the architectural style made famous by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The two-story, stucco-on-frame, Prairie School dwelling features a hipped roof, enclosed front porch, wide overhanging eaves, ribbons of casement windows on both floors of the front and back elevations, and a full basement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Valley Lodge is a historic house on Saddleback Road in rural Baldwin, Maine. Built in 1792 by one of the town&#39;s first settlers, it is one of the oldest surviving houses in the rural interior of Cumberland County. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Valley Lodge property stands astride Saddleback Road, near the geographic center of Baldwin, a sprawling rural community on the western edge of Cumberland County. The main house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. A single-story gabled ell extends to the rear of the main block, offset slightly, with a shed-roof porch in the corner created by the offset. It is set on the east side of the road, and is oriented roughly facing south. The front facade is five bays wide, its doors and windows featuring modest Federal period trim. The interior of the house has an unusual floor plan caused by an extensive evolutionary construction history. A 19th-century barn stands on the west side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Brothers David and Ephraim Brown moved to this area, then wilderness, in 1788, the land having been granted to their father for his service in the American Revolutionary War. Both built houses, of which that of David does not survive, and that of Ephraim is encapsulated in the present structure. He built a 1-1/2 story Cape style house in 1792, but several years later, needing additional space for his growing family, basically built the present 2-1/2 story structure around it, creating an entirely new front facade. The property remained in the hands of Brown&#39;s descendants well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Job A. and Rebecca E. McWaid House is a historic residence located in Atlantic, Iowa, United States. Ohio native Job McWaid settled in Atlantic in 1869. He was involved in the industrial, commercial and political development of the town. He entered a partnership in a blacksmith and wagon shop, before he expanded into an agricultural implements, grain and coal. He then established Atlantic Packing House and the Atlantic Canning Factory with another investor, before buying him out. The American Civil War caused him to change his political affiliation to the Republican Party. McWaid served three terms on the Atlantic City Council before serving two terms as mayor. The city&#39;s sewage system, the Carnegie library, and other municipal improvements were initiated during his public service. This two-story, frame, Queen Anne house was built around 1875, and McWaid moved here in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Depot, also known as the Rock Island Depot, is an historic building located in Atlantic, Iowa, United States. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad built the first tracks through the area in 1868. The city of Atlantic was founded at the time of the railroad construction. It grew to become the largest and the most significant community along the Rock Island lines between Des Moines and Council Bluffs. The present depot dates from 1898, and it is not a standard-plan depot for the railroad. The unusual design suggests it is the work of an architect, possibly from Chicago. It was built during a prosperous period for the railroad when it was able to replace its facilities along its mainline. The express freight and baggage building attached to the depot was built at the same time. The passenger depot replaced a frame combination passenger and freight depot a block away. After its use as a depot, the building fell into disrepair before it was restored. It now houses the local chamber of commerce. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Babinda Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter and now public toilets at 109 Munro Street, Babinda, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built in 1942 by Mulgrave Shire Council. It is also known as Babinda Public Toilet Block. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Babinda air raid shelter was one of 57 public air raid shelters constructed between Mackay and Cairns during early 1942. A Government Gazette notice issued two weeks after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in early December 1941, required Queensland local authorities to provide public air raid shelters. The air raid shelter at Babinda was built to a standard design with 300 mm thick reinforced walls and provided seating for 50 people. As the threat of air attacks receded the building was turned into a public toilet and remains today for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>The township of Babinda was established about 1912 as a small settlement on the Mulgrave railway. Between 1914 and 1915 the population of the town rose rapidly due to the construction of the Babinda Central Sugar Mill. Government facilities were established to serve the local community including a post office, court house, police station and state school. The town continues to service the surrounding sugar-growing industry and its economy is heavily reliant on the Babinda Sugar Mill, which dominates the entrance to the town. Until 1995 Babinda was administered by the Mulgrave Shire Council, before amalgamation with Cairns City Council. The town is now included within the Cairns Regional Council boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Until 1927 the land that is now occupied by Anzac Park was the Babinda sports ground. The land was later subdivided and partly sold off and the remaining property retained as public parkland. A war memorial to honour those from the district who served in World War I (1914-1918) was originally erected in Munro Street nearer the centre of the town. The memorial was moved to the park in the 1930s, when it is believed that the area was named Anzac Park.</p><br>
<p>With the declaration of war in September 1939, the Queensland Premier&#39;s Department, as the agency responsible for co-ordinating civil defence works in the state, began implementing home security policies outlined in the Commonwealth War Book. Air Raid Protection Committees were formed along the Queensland coast. These committees usually consisted of the local mayor, inspector of police and government medical officer. Air raid precautions were organised and all schools in North Queensland were required to provide slit trenches for pupils. As the threat of war with Japan increased, construction of public air raid shelters was planned in main centres considered vulnerable to air attack. The Queensland government undertook to finance the shelters on behalf of the local authorities with the adjustment of costs deferred. Special legislation was passed enabling local authorities to obtain loans from the state government for the purpose of air raid shelter construction and to levy special rates to meet interest repayments.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941 Japanese aircraft struck the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. At the same time Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. Three days after Pearl Harbor, two capital ships of the Royal Navy were sunk off the coast of Malaya. This gave the Japanese almost total control of the seas to Australia&#39;s north. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 and the rapid, unchecked Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies raised fears of air attacks on Australia. The outlook during the first six months in 1942 looked very grim and the possibility of Japanese air raids and invasion was considered likely.</p><br>
<p>The Public Works Department was responsible for the enforcement of orders issued under the National Security (General) Regulations, relating to the provision of air raid shelters for the protection of the public. Local authorities were responsible for the construction of public air raid shelters, as well as for enforcing orders relating to the provision of shelters by building owners. Hotels, flats and boarding houses occupied by 15 or more people, or buildings in which 30 or more worked, were required to provide air raid shelters for those people. Local authorities were responsible for the construction of public air raid shelters and in the event that this was not possible the Public Works Department would supply the men and materials required. However, in most circumstances the local authority carried out the works. A list of public air raid shelters required for construction by local governments was published in the Government Gazette on 23 December 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Babinda public air raid shelter was ordered for construction by the Public Works Department on 16 January 1942. It was the only public air raid shelter ordered for the town. Other public air raid shelters ordered to be constructed in neighbouring towns in far-north Queensland in January 1942 were: Cairns (9), Innisfail (3), Gordonvale (2) and Atherton (1).</p><br>
<p>The Babinda shelter was constructed by Mulgrave Shire Council during 1942 to the same standard design as the public air raid shelters constructed in Cairns, for which drawings have been located. Public shelters at Cairns, Babinda and other centres in north Queensland were designed to accommodate 50 persons seated. They were above-ground structures with 300mm reinforced concrete walls and 150mm thick roof. Where there was the possibility of debris falling on top of the shelter the thickness of the roofs was increased to 300mm. The shelters contained an open entrance at either end protected by an internal blast wall. A small room at each entrance, referred to on a drawing of Cairns Air Raid Shelter as a closet, may have contained male and female toilets (water closets). The interior comprised one large room with a timber bench along the western wall between the two internal blast walls, which could accommodate up to 20 persons seated; and a long, double timber bench positioned north-south in the centre of the room, which could accommodate a total of 30 persons seated. An alcove for a lamp was provided at the end of each blast wall. Eighteen offset open air vents around the building provided ventilation while protecting the occupants against direct blast from a near miss.</p><br>
<p>As the threat from air attacks lessened, the shelter was turned into a public toilet by Mulgrave Shire Council during 1944-1945 and remains today for this purpose. The building was last used as a public shelter during Tropical Cyclone Larry which passed through Babinda on 20 March 2006 causing severe damage in the town. The building remains effective as a cyclone shelter for public use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former air raid shelter is located in Anzac Park, Munro Street, Babinda, where it remains accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>It is an above ground reinforced concrete structure with 300mm thick walls and a 150mm thick roof. It has entrances at both the northern and southern ends. In form, the exterior of the structure has changed little from its original design. The 1992 mural on the exterior walls is not considered to be of State cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The structure retains the internal blast walls that were provided just inside the entrances, and next to each entrance a closet, although these are no longer in use and have been sealed.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been converted into female and male toilets, with a dividing concrete wall erected through the centre of the structure. Apart from the addition of fixtures for water, power and lighting the only other apparent changes have been alteration to the offset ventilation vents to a more open style.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Babinda Air Raid Shelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Babinda Air Raid Shelter is important in demonstrating the urgent measures taken by State and local authorities for protection of the public from attack by hostile forces during a time of war, and is a reminder of how close World War II came to Queensland and in particular the State&#39;s northern regions.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Babinda Shelter is the most intact example of a public air raid shelter in north Queensland and demonstrates now rare and uncommon evidence of the civil defence role in the Babinda and the Cairns area during Word War II.</p><br>
<p>It is the only known public air raid shelter in north Queensland with intact internal blast walls within each entrance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Babinda Air Raid Shelter demonstrates the principal characteristics of a World War II Air Raid Shelter built for public safety. The extant features demonstrate the design, construction and dimensions of a public air raid shelter of the World War II period. Surviving characteristics include: the reinforced concrete floor, walls and roof; internal blast walls; the wartime closet cubicles (now sealed); and the public park location.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital is a heritage-listed former maternity hospital and now private home at 180 McLeod, Cairns North, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s circa to 1920. It is now known as Herries House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital is situated at 180 McLeod Street, North Cairns, opposite the Cairns Pioneer Cemetery. It is an enclosed wooden building moved to its present site from Cooktown in 1920. It was owned by Janet Abercombie Herries, a nurse and midwife, who ran it as a private hospital from 1921 to 1938.</p><br>
<p>Matron Herries was born Janet Abercombie Mackie in Glasgow, Scotland on 29 August 1869. She trained as a nurse but became ill and was advised, for her health&#39;s sake, to live in a warmer climate. She emigrated to Australia and worked as a nurse in North Queensland, marrying Robert Herries in 1902, in Mossman. They had four sons and, when the family moved to Cairns in 1916, Janet Herries took a lease on a two storey house in Bunda Street. In 1918, at the urging of many local doctors, she opened one of the first private hospitals in Cairns, at the Bunda Street house. The hospital cared for nine or ten patients at a time, both maternity and general. The hospital section was upstairs and the family lived on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The land at 180 McLeod Street, Cairns, was first purchased at auction on 20 September 1888 for 27 pounds. The vacant land was sold seven times after that, before being purchased by Mr Francis Albert Blucher, in 1918. In 1920 the building in question was transported from Cooktown and re-erected on the McLeod Street site. It is suggested that this building had originally been a fashion house known as "Miss Timony&#39;s Premises" and had been situated on the corner of Charlotte and Walker Streets in Cooktown. This is borne out by the truncated front of the building which gives the appearance of being a corner business premises.</p><br>
<p>When the lease on the Bunda Street premises expired in 1920 Matron Herries leased 180 McLeod Street from Mr Blucher, opening her hospital in November 1920. On 20 December 1921, the Cairns Town Council records the registration of a private hospital by Janet Abercrombie Herries. While Matron Herries was in residence, the Cairns Post advertised the property for sale as:"...two storey building... 10 bedrooms... The property is known as Nurse Herries Hospital and is occupied by Nurse Herries who is a first-class tenant and is willing to take a long lease."It was bought by Mrs Charlotte Mary Cato on 23 October 1923, who later sold it to Mrs Herries on 26 May 1924.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital catered for nine to ten patients at a time and Matron Herries had women who travelled from Herberton, Mount Garnet and other areas of the Atherton Tablelands, coming to her for the birth of their children. It is said of her that she worked very hard and earned respect and affection from the Cairns community. Many of Cairns older residents were born in Matron Herries hospital and these people have a strong feeling of attachment and history to the house.</p><br>
<p>The building had previously suffered damage during the 1907 cyclone in Cooktown. During the 1927 cyclone in Cairns, it was more extensively damaged. A member of the family recalled the roof being blown to the cemetery opposite. After the cyclone, the upper verandah was enclosed with windows and alternate wooden louvres and the roof was lined.</p><br>
<p>When Matron Herries retired in 1939 the hospital was closed. Her husband, who had worked at the Hambledon, Gordonvale and Babinda sugar mills, died in 1941. Matron Herries lived on in the house with her son Charles, a chemist, until her death on 25 October 1958.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 during Cyclone Winifred the diagonal front section of the building fell outwards. A builder recommended that the open area on the ground floor and the upstairs louvres be enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Charles, Mrs Herries&#39; last surviving son, lived in the building until his death in 1996.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, owner John Westwood spent over $1M to restore the property as a private home known as Herries House. It was previously described as an "eyesore".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital is situated at 180 McLeod Street and is surrounded by holiday apartments. Opposite is the McLeod Street Pioneer Cemetery. Herries Hospital is a two-storey timber building, polygonal in shape, basically a rectangle with the south-west corner truncated to form another (much shorter) side. It has a hipped corrugated iron roof. At the rear of the building there is a skillion roof extending out over the lower floor from the back wall, it covers the kitchen/bathroom area. The building sits on very low stumps.</p><br>
<p>The wide front verandahs are enclosed. The front verandah section and core are weatherboard with exposed stud framing - the studs are exposed on the inner wall for the verandahs and the outer wall of the core. The sides of the house beyond the verandahs and the rear are walled by corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The front and sides have regularly spaced casement windows divided by mullions into a large central pane of light blue glass with two smaller panes of plain glass below and above it. At the rear is a row of similar windows on the ground floor but the upper floor has three double-hung windows of mullioned plain glass.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor is entered by a front door on the truncated southwest corner. This is floored in timber, and is sloping in places. Ahead of the front door is a stairway to the top floor, which is very narrow and steep. Behind the stairway is the toilet and bathroom, at the southeast corner of the building. The downstairs area also contains the kitchen, the toilet and bathroom. The back door opens from the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs, the floor is polished timber. The front verandah is open for the front part of the house, but has been closed in to make a room on the southeast corner. The rest of the floor has a central room with a room behind it to the east and another beside it to the north. The room at the back left-hand corner was the maternity room and the one the right hand corner was the operating theatre.</p><br>
<p>In the backyard are the remains of an outside toilet, a trellis, a post which may be from a washing line, and the remains of an air raid shelter that is currently used to store bricks. The only vegetation on the block is a large fig tree in the back yard.</p><br>
<p>The property is fenced by a variety of materials, but the front fence consists of concrete piers set in a low (half a metre) concrete wall joined by panels of galvanised iron pipes with galvanised wire mesh. There is a double gate at the northern end and a single gate at the southern end of the fence. The piers are topped by pyramidal caps painted a pale green, while the piers are cream. This appears to echo the paint scheme of the house, which is cream on the lower storey (though deteriorating) and has the faint remnants of a greenish paint on the upper floor, the weatherboards of which appear to have been scraped back.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital, as a known surviving example of one of the many buildings in North Queensland that were moved from declining mining fields and their associated ports to more prosperous towns, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. It was moved from Cooktown to Cairns, preserving in its polygonal shape its original function as a corner commercial building, with one corner truncated to maximise the street frontage.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital is strongly associated with the role of midwives and nurses in Queenslands history. Until recently, few babies were born in hospital. Most were delivered by midwives, either in the womans own home or in that of the midwife. Every town of reasonable size had a number of these small private maternity homes or hospitals. Many also looked after medical cases not severe enough to be admitted to the main hospital.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital demonstrates a rare feature of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage by having a private air raid shelter, constructed during World War Two, extant in its backyard.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital is also important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a private hospital prior to World War Two. Private maternity hospitals, owned and operated by midwives, were once common throughout Queensland. The building has remained in the family of the nursing sister who ran the hospital. Its current form also illustrates the common tendency since World War Two to enclose verandahs, providing more weather tight space., often in response to cyclone damage. It is otherwise little changed.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Herries Private Hospital has a strong association for many of Cairns older residents who were born in Matron Herries hospital. She and the hospital are remembered with affection.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>They disappeared from Queensland after World War Two, but the nurses and midwives who ran them were once an indispensable group of people who looked after the births of most Queenslanders. Of the hospitals which have survived, few are still identified in the public mind as such. Herries Hospital is still strongly associated with the midwives and nurses who were so important for the health and well being of Queenslands mothers.</p><br>
<p>The Nishnabotna Ferry House is an historic building located in Lewis, Iowa, United States. The 1½ story, frame, Greek Revival structure was the home of Samuel Harlow Tefft who operated the cable ferry across the East Nishnabotna River from 1857 to 1859. The road that the ferry served was originally an Indian trail that became a primary route used by western bound emigrants, a stage coach and mail route, the Underground Railroad, a later Mormon Trail, and the Mormon handcart companies. The first ferry at this location was operated by Wm. S. Townsend in 1850. A toll bridge was built here 1853 or 1854. It became unstable by 1856. Tefft bought the property in 1857 in order to operate the ferry, and it is assumed that the house had already been built by that time. A new bridge was built by Cass County in 1859. Tefft and his wife remained in the community and are buried in Oakwood Cemetery at Lewis. Several different families lived in the house until the mid-1970s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Floriana is a heritage-listed former private home and now guesthouse at 183-185 The Esplanade, Cairns North, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edwin Roy Orchard and built in 1939. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Floriana at 183 The Esplanade, Cairns North (now known as Floriana Guesthouse) is the former city residence of Maltese migrants Paul and Paulina Zammit and their family. The two-storey rendered brick and chamferboard house was constructed in 1939 and originally comprised five bedrooms, a sitting room, dining room and kitchen on the upper floor; and a bathroom on each level; with the whole of the ground floor occupied as a large ballroom, which was converted into two flats and an entrance foyer in the late 1940s. Aspects of its design related to the prominent, central entry with a wide bay projection above and the building&#39;s address to the street were influenced by traditional Maltese housing. It stands adjacent to a set of Spanish Mission-style flats, also built by Zammit only a few years previous employing the same architect, Edwin Roy Orchard, and establishing a proud presence on the Cairns Esplanade.</p><br>
<p>Paulus Franciscus Michael Antonius Zammit was born in Birkirkara, Malta. About 1911, at the age of 22, he married 19 year old Paulina Modesta Angela Aquiline from the same town. This small British Crown colony in the Mediterranean Sea had prospered through the nineteenth century, its population expanding but its economy dependent on British military spending, particularly in the development of the port at the capital Valletta. When military funding ceased in 1907 unemployment and poverty ensued. The Daily Malta Chronicle, which became the vehicle for discussion on emigration due to a lack of government action, campaigned for an emigration program and promoted Australia as a land of opportunity.</p><br>
<p>An earlier attempt at organised migration from Malta to Queensland in 1883, when 69 labourers were sent to the cane fields of the lower Burdekin River, had not proven successful. Overcrowding of the ship Nuddea and subsequent dissatisfaction with working conditions on the cane farms had deterred further emigration until the early twentieth century, when the Maltese government, unable to fund an emigration scheme, nonetheless concluded that its people would be welcomed by the Australian Government in solving the problem of labour shortages in its developing northern territories. Between 1905 and 1919, 2248 Maltese arrived in the southern states, many of whom moved north.</p><br>
<p>Paul Zammit immigrated to Australia in 1912 in the early phase of its renewal, ahead of his wife. He arrived in Melbourne in April and travelled on to Sydney before heading to North Queensland, where he worked in the Chillagoe mines and then cutting cane near the coast, before settling in Mooliba near Bartle Frere around 1919.</p><br>
<p>Paulina Zammit had arrived in Queensland by December 1913, with the couple&#39;s first child. Over the following 20 years they had nine more children, all born in Queensland. The Post Office Directories list the Zammits as farmers at Mooliba (later known as Pawngilly, now as Mirriwinni) from 1919, and nearby Bartle Frere from 1927. When the Bartle Frere State School opened in 1922, the elder children were on the attendance record and Paul Zammit was on the school committee. All of the Zammit children attended this school, the youngest being enrolled in 1936. Once established in Queensland, Zammit used his growing prosperity to support numerous migrants from Italy and Malta, either through sponsorship or provision of various forms of assistance. From 1919 to 1929 just over 3000 Maltese men immigrated to Australia. The Orvieto, the first ship carrying Maltese migrants here following the end of World War I, arrived in 1920 reuniting a number of pioneering families in the Mackay and Innisfail areas. One such man was Joe Brincat who was later given employment by Paul Zammit cutting cane at Babinda, having initially worked at the Chillagoe smelters, as Zammit had done when he first arrived in Queensland. Family information has indicated that at least five other families were sponsored and assisted by Zammit over the course of his life.</p><br>
<p>Zammits success and his community efforts were being recognised widely. In 1933 a branch of the Maltese Farmers and Settlers Association was formed in North Queensland during a visit from Dr Charles Mattel, a former AIF medical officer who was touring Queensland, meeting with Maltese migrants, forming the association, and drawing attention to the fact that the Maltese were law-abiding British citizens after the unrest that occurred in the wake of the 1927 strike at the South Johnstone Sugar Mill. During his Cairns visit Dr Mattel noted that Paul Zammit of Bartle Frere was one of the most successful sugar farmers in North Queensland, with property reputedly worth £65,000. In the 1934 Australia Day Address given by the Maltese Commission for Labour, Captain Henri Curmi, in Malta, his achievements were cited as a source of inspiration to prospective Maltese emigrants. He was further praised by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Cairns, Bishop John Heavey, at a 1936 function held at the Catholic Club Rooms in Babinda, where Paul was the president, for the work the family had done for the church in the region both financially and in facilitating pride in Maltese heritage. At this time he was also Far North President of the organisation that produced bi-lingual The Voice of the Maltese in Australia and Farmers Advocate Weekly.</p><br>
<p>Paul Zammit had begun investing in residential property in Cairns, although the family was still resident on their Bartle Frere cane farm. In December 1932 two parcels of land at 183 and 185 The Esplanade (which included the later site of Floriana) were transferred to Paulina Zammit. These blocks were located on one of Cairns&#39; premier streets, overlooking Trinity Inlet. According to family information, in 1934 the Zammits built the Spanish Mission-style flats, designed by former Sydney architect Edwin Roy Orchard, which are still located at 185 The Esplanade today. In mid-1935 they acquired 67 The Esplanade (later the site of the Continental Hotel, which Zammit also built). They also acquired another block of flats on The Esplanade in about 1935 (later known as Hayles Flats but no longer extant).</p><br>
<p>In October 1938 Orchard completed plans for a city residence for the Zammit family, which was to be built at 183 The Esplanade, adjacent to the flats. Orchard was an established Sydney North Shore architect who is credited with designing the earliest Californian Bungalow-influenced houses in New South Wales between 1913 and 1915 (three of his Sydney designs have been entered in the New South Wales State Heritage Register). He relocated to Mareeba during the Depression and was involved in the tobacco industry until 1933, when he established an architectural practice in Cairns. He registered with the Queensland Chapter of the Royal Society of Architects in 1936. Orchards other projects in the Cairns region included: Tobruk Memorial Pool (in partnership with Jack McElroy), St Davids Anglican Church at Mossman, motor showrooms and a hotel in Atherton, the Tinaroo Dam lookout shelter, the Great Northern Hotel at Mareeba, the remodelling of the Courthouse Hotel in Cairns, and the Australian Hotel in Mackay. Much of his north Queensland work was influenced by the work of Dutch-born modernist architect Willem Marinus Dudok, whose use of dramatic massing, asymmetry, and overhanging eaves achieved international recognition and influence in the 1920s and 1930s. Orchard returned to live in Sydney in 1963 and died within a week aged 72.</p><br>
<p>In his design for the Zammit Cairns residence, Orchard tempered the use of modern materials, hipped roofs with wide eaves, and the demands of the tropical north Queensland climate, with elements of traditional Maltese house design. The building was double-storey, with the ground floor constructed of rendered brick and the upper level timber-framed and clad with chamferboard. The multi-hipped roof was clad in Durasbestos. Internally the public rooms (sitting room, dining room, front balcony and rear verandah) occupied the core of the upper level, with five bedrooms and a kitchen encircling it on the northern and southern ends of the building. Most of the ground floor was one large, timber-floored ballroom. By elevating the main living spaces, maximum advantage was taken of views to Trinity Inlet and banks of casement windows opened to sea breezes.</p><br>
<p>A large, decorative, half-winding internal staircase, handcrafted by a Maltese timber sculptor Mick Farrugia, ascended from the centre of the ballroom to the upper level. Behind the staircase on the ground floor, doors led to an undercroft space with washing facilities and another plainer stair leading to the rear verandah on the upper level. A bathroom and toilet, enclosed with chamferboards, was located in the south-west corner on each level. The timbers used inside included maple, silky oak, and Johnstone River hardwood. Farrugia and his family were sponsored immigrants nominated by the Zammits. Apart from the staircase and curved walls installed in the entry when the ballroom became small flats, he also custom-made furniture for the main and guest bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The key elements of traditional Maltese design employed in the Zammit house included the composition of the street facade dominated by a centrally-positioned, street-level entry consisting of glass louvers either side of a door, a projecting bay above imitating the Maltese stone balcony; and then internally a decorative winding staircase leading off an entry vestibule, inside the front door and leading to the public spaces on the upper floor; and a public ballroom occupying the whole of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The Zammits moved into their new Cairns home around the time of the declaration of World War II in Europe, in September 1939, naming it Floriana, after a portside suburb of Floriana near the Maltese capital Valletta.</p><br>
<p>From 1942 North Queensland became the base from which allied forces fought the war in the Pacific and south-east Asia. Cairns was inundated with American and Australian soldiers, who were accommodated in the city&#39;s hotels and guesthouses and in a camp established in 1943 along the seaward side of the Esplanade, from Kerwin Street to the end of Minnie Street and just over a block to the south-east of Floriana. Gun emplacements were installed along the Esplanade and a Catalina flying boat base was established near the hospital, almost adjacent to the south-east of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Zammit family, who were all proficient at a variety of musical instruments, regularly entertained top visiting US and Australian Army show bands and the ground floor ballroom hosted many social and fundraising events. Two of the Zammit daughters married American servicemen and left as war brides to live in the United States, and another married an RAAF serviceman. The wedding celebrations were held in the family home.</p><br>
<p>In 1946 the Zammits converted the southern part of the ground floor ballroom into a flat for one of their married daughters, and the northern half was similarly converted soon after. Curved timber-panelled partitions, constructed by Mick Farrugia, created a central foyer just inside the entrance vestibule and sandwiched between the new flats, from which the staircase rose to the upper level. The flats only ever accommodated visiting relatives and friends.</p><br>
<p>Both during and after the war Paul Zammit continued to run the cane farm at Bartle Frere. In 1947 he funded the construction of a small concrete church there, the Church of St Paul, which was opened on 31 August by the Catholic Bishop of Cairns, the Most Rev. J Heavey. Its concrete blocks were made on Zammit&#39;s farm by his cane-cutters in the off-season, and the small local community funded the furnishings. Paul was awarded the Bene Merenti Medal by Pope Pius XII in January 1948, in recognition of his work for the Catholic Church in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>At this time an article in the Maltese News, a publication of the Maltese Social Society in Melbourne, discussed Zammit&#39;s reputation as the biggest sugar cane farmer in the Cairns district and acknowledged the unfailing support he had given to Maltese settlers in the area over the years. In addition to the friends and family he had assisted, he also financially supported Father John Camilleri through his studies at the Capuchin Seminary in Italy during the 1950s. Camilleri was to go on to serve the Diocese of Cairns for more than forty years until his death in 2006.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1940s Paul Zammit expanded his business interests in north Queensland. Between 1948 and 1953 Zammits Prospecting Pty Ltd, in partnership with the Fisher brothers, held five mining leases in the Batavia Gold Fields. The family also owned a number of rental houses around Cairns, as well as the two blocks of flats, and constructed the 65-room Continental Hotel at 67 Esplanade, which opened in 1956 and was one of the first high-rise buildings in Cairns. Zammit sponsored his wifes niece and her husband, Joe and Catherine Gatt, to come to Australia to work in this hotel. When they first arrived they lived in one of the ground floor flats in Floriana. The Zammits owned a holiday home at Yorkeys Knob.</p><br>
<p>Paul Zammit died in 1959, family sources attesting to the fact that he had achieved great success in business and engaged in much community work while being unable to write or read English and being only a tentative speaker of it. Ten years later Paulina transferred Floriana and the adjacent Spanish Mission flats to their son Salvatore and his wife Jean. She died in December 1979. Salvatore Zammit and his family lived in Floriana until 1981. In March 1982 the house and the adjacent flats passed out of the Zammit family and were converted into the Floriana Guesthouse and Hotel, offering a total of 24 guest rooms. Alterations to the house included the conversion of the upper floor into self-contained flats, and reconfiguration of the two downstairs flats into three. It is likely that at this time the semicircular hole was cut in the northern timber-panelled wall of the central entrance foyer to create a reception window, and timber louvered sliding doors were installed on the southern side of the entrance foyer.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006 an expensive and extensive renovation was completed, transforming the former Spanish Mission flats from a budget hotel to an upmarket Mediterranean-style complex with one and two bedroom villas and a pool, which were marketed as Floriana Villas. The original Floriana, known as Floriana Guesthouse, retains the early 1980s layout and currently comprises 10 ensuited rooms and self-contained bed sits.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on the Cairns Esplanade facing east towards parkland and ocean views stands Floriana, a large, double-storey former family house of the interwar period, which has been converted into multiple-residency holiday accommodation. It stands on a rectangular-shaped block of land between a set of 1930s Spanish Mission style flats (which form part of the same holiday accommodation complex) and a recent high-rise apartment building. The former house is set back from the street and is partially concealed by a front garden containing palms, ferns, shrubs and small trees. It is constructed from a variety of materials, including rendered brick and timber, and has a multi-hipped roof clad with corrugated fibrous cement sheeting. The former family home now houses ten residential accommodation units and an administration office.</p><br>
<p>In form the building comprises two main rectangular sections, each incorporating different materials and standards of workmanship: a front section addressing the Esplanade, and a slightly smaller section to the rear. The front section, the long side of which runs across the block, has a wide entrance bay projecting from the centre of the eastern (front) facade. The lower level of the front section is constructed of rendered masonry, with some chamferboard sections along the north and south sides. The upper floor is timber-framed and clad entirely in chamferboards. A single hipped roof sits over the main portion of the front section, with a separate hipped roof over the entrance bay. A skillion-roofed timber extension attached to the northern side of the house is the only major exception to the symmetry of the front facade.</p><br>
<p>The smaller rear section, which is stepped in on the north and south so that it is not as long as the front section, has the same chamferboard cladding continued around the upper floor, and a partially enclosed verandah area located in the centre of the western (rear) facade. The ground floor, originally an open area with an enclosed bathroom in the south-west corner, is now a combination of enclosed rooms (with chamferboard-clad walls) and semi-enclosed spaces with either vertical batten or diagonal lattice screens. A rear timber staircase ascends from the north-west corner of the house and along the western facade. The roof over the rear section is made up of two parallel hipped roofs extending at right angles from the roof of the front portion of the house. Attached to the end of these hipped sections is a narrower skillion extension over the partially enclosed stair and verandah area. Apart from this skillion section, which is clad in corrugated iron, the main roof is clad in fibrous-cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The front (eastern) facade of the house is divided into three bays by a central projecting bay which houses the main entrance on the ground floor and an enclosed balcony on the upper floor. The brick walls on either side of the entrance bay are ornamented by raised stripes in the render work. The main entrance has a later timber double door, flanked by early timber louvred panels that extend from waist height to lintel height. Immediately below these panels are narrow, rendered brick garden beds. Above the doorway is a narrow concrete ledge with a patterned edge detail and above this the name Floriana is set in relief into the render. Decorated square pillars stand at each corner of the entrance bay, extending up to window height on the first floor and containing small flower boxes on top. The enclosed front balcony on the upper level of the entrance bay has early timber-framed casement windows on all three sides. These double windows open outwards with three lights in each leaf, two of which (the top and bottom) are patterned art glass.</p><br>
<p>A single large window sits on either side of the entrance bay on both floors. The ground floor windows are semi-circular in shape, timber framed with a decorative masonry detail around the edge. The left hand window is unaltered, with the centre leaf a casement window that open outwards, while the right hand window has been altered to contain a glass-paned door opening out onto an enclosed area (a recent fence around this enclosed area is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance). The upper floor has cantilevered bay windows with flared chamferboard skirtings. Each one has four six-light casements.</p><br>
<p>The north facade has extensions added to the upper floor. The largest is an early timber extension supported on diagonal brackets. It houses a small bathroom and a verandah that faces the street. Next to this is a smaller semi-enclosed area with a lower floor level (function unknown). The area beneath these projecting extensions is in-filled with screens and used for storage. The west or rear facade has a cantilevered flat profile polycarbonate roofing with a bullnose edge, attached to the northern side below the level of the upper floor, supported by metal tie rods from above (not considered to be of cultural heritage significance). Beneath this awning the ground floor area is semi-enclosed with lattice screens. The upper floor has a semi-enclosed verandah area in the centre screened by a timber balustrade and louvered panels. Along the south boundary, a low skillion roof clad in transparent corrugated polycarbonate sheeting creates a covered walkway between the house and a high block work wall for part of the length of the house. Accommodation units on the ground floor are accessible via exterior doors.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance doors open into a short vestibule, which then opens into a central foyer with curved, timber-panelled side walls. Stained a dark brown, these walls separate the foyer from accommodation rooms on the south side of the house and an office on the north side. A semi-circular hole has been cut into the north wall to create a reception area counter. The foyer floor is polished timber ornamented by a central square formed by different types of in-laid timber in the centre of the room (part of the early ballroom floor). Other ornamental features include decorative plaster cornices and borders around entranceways. The main staircase occupies an alcove at the far end of the foyer, opposite the entrance. The winding half-turn staircase retains the original carved handrails and timber treads and is the dominant feature of the interior. Accommodation units and public areas (such as a laundry) occupy the remainder of the ground floor on the southern and western sides.</p><br>
<p>On the upper floor, six doors lead off the landing that wraps around three sides of the top of the staircase. Five of these lead into accommodation units and one leads via a small public sitting room to the rear verandah and staircase. Four of these doors appear to be early and in their original position and one appears to be the original front door relocated to the upper floor. The rooms in the former central core of the upper floor, which contained the dining room, sitting room and front balcony, have been divided by additional partitions in order to create accommodation units. Each unit consists of one or two rooms and an ensuite bathroom, and most have a kitchenette. Despite these alterations, many features such as ceiling roses, cornices and bay window seats remain in situ. Two further units are accessible via the rear verandah area and have share kitchen facilities.</p><br>
<p>Ground surfaces around the house are generally paved and the front garden is landscaped with recent garden beds. The front fence has a low concrete base with rounded concrete posts, each topped by a sphere. Between each post runs a tubular metal top and bottom rail. Low hedges are planted immediately behind the fence line. A driveway runs between Floriana and the Spanish Mission units to access a rear yard which contains a swimming pool, barbeque area and a small, single storey building along the southern boundary (use unknown). These features, as well as modern signage and shade structures found within the front garden and attached to the front facade, are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Floriana was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Floriana, a two-storey brick and timber house located on the Cairns Esplanade overlooking Trinity Inlet, was constructed in 1939 as the city residence of Paul and Paulina Zammit and their family. The place demonstrates the contribution that Europeans have made to the evolution of Queensland as a multi-cultural society. It demonstrates how in the early part of the 20th century some immigrants to North Queensland were able to advance financially and socially. The house is a clear marker of the success of the Zammit family in Queensland which is announced to both the North Queensland community and the Maltese diaspora. It does so by explicitly blending features of Queensland and Maltese design.</p><br>
<p>Mr Zammit was an immigrant from Malta in 1912 who became one of the most successful sugar farmers in North Queensland with a property near Bartle Frere serving the Babinda Mill. He subsequently became a major investor in gold mining and property development. Maltese immigrants were a significant part of the development of the sugar industry and Mr Zammit became a leader of the Maltese community throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant because the Zammits selected a site in the best residential street in Cairns, employed a notable architect (Edwin R Orchard) and erected a substantial two-storey house that incorporated a number of traditional Maltese elements within the overall format of a Queensland house of its era. The design is unique in that it incorporates the principal characteristics a modern interwar house - multi-hipped roof, wide overhanging eaves, enclosed balconies and Art Moderne (Art Deco) decorative interior detailing - with the elements of traditional Maltese housing. These elements included: the provision of a prominent, centrally positioned ground floor entrance emphasised by a semi-enclosed balcony above the entrance vestibule and louvred timber panels either side of the main door; the whole of the ground floor taken up by a large ballroom; and at the core of the house, a substantial and decorative winding staircase which is of aesthetic value in its own right. Maltese timber sculptor, Mick Farrugia, crafted both the central stair (1939) and the 1946 ground floor vestibule walls.</p><br>
<p>The Warren Commercial Historic District is a historic commercial district located in Warren, Illinois. The district encompasses the towns central business district and includes 34 contributing buildings and a water tower. Development in the district began in 1852, the year that the Illinois Central Railroad came to Warren, and continued into the twentieth century. The railroad depot is a centerpiece of the district, as Warrens economy depended heavily on the railroad. Later development in the district mainly took place in the form of several distinct additions; as a result, lots in the district are irregularly sized. Most of the buildings in the district are vernacular brick commercial structures with pressed metal or brick ornamentation, though examples of Victorian and Classical Revival architecture can also be seen.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 3 Foxton Avenue, Mossman, Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edward Taffs and Edwin Roy Orchard. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Church is a small stone and masonry building constructed in three stages between 1912 and 1952 to encompass a porch, nave and apsidal sanctuary, with a vestry and chapel added. It replaced an earlier Anglican church on the same site, which was destroyed by a cyclone in March 1911. The original design, as influenced by the architectural traditions of the Byzantine Empire, was completed by the long-serving rector, Reverend Edward Taffs, who drove the project to fruition over the course of his career in charge of the Mossman/Port Douglas Parish of the Anglican Diocese of Carpentaria (1900-1996). The current church and its evocative setting behind an avenue of mature, fern-clad raintrees (Samanea saman) are situated to the north of the town centre, on the road to Daintree.</p><br>
<p>Mossman lies inland from Port Douglas, on the flood-plain of the Mossman River between the Great Dividing Range and the coast, about 70 km north of Cairns. George Elphinstone Dalrymples North-East Coast Exploring Expedition of late 1873 had brought attention to the resources around the Johnstone, Mulgrave, Russell, Daintree and Mossman Rivers and from 1874 cedar stands on the later were being logged extensively. Behind the coastal river plain the Hodgkinson goldfield was proclaimed on 15 June 1876. Initially accessed via Cairns, in 1877 an alternative route to the coast was found and Port Douglas was established as the fields new port, about four miles south of the mouth of the Mossman River.</p><br>
<p>By 1878 the most readily accessible cedar stands in the Mossman River district had been exhausted, although logging in more difficult-to-reach areas continued into the 1880s. Agricultural settlers followed the timber getters from the late 1870s, one of the earliest on the Mossman being Daniel Hart, an immigrant from Jamaica and a former timber getter. In 1878 he selected land along the river, calling the property Coolshade, and in 1885 subdivided part of it, which became the western half of the town of Mossman. The town was first called Hartsville in his honour.</p><br>
<p>Excessive rain and poor soil productivity resulted in most of the region being planted out with sugarcane from the 1880s. In 1883, Brie Brie Sugar Plantation established Mossman&#39;s first mill but this was unsuccessful and largely inoperative by 1886. This did not deter Commissioner WO Hodgkinson from assessing the flat land around the Mossman River as having great potential for cane production during his investigation of sites for central sugar mills conducted in 1886. The impetus for more extensive sugar cropping in the district came with the establishment of the Mossman Central Co-operative Mill in the mid- 1890s under the provisions of the 1893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act.</p><br>
<p>As the Mossman River community consolidated, religious denominations established a presence in the district. Prior to the formation of a separate Port Douglas and Mossman Parish, missionary chaplains from the Church of Englands Diocese of North Queensland, based in Townsville, travelled to Port Douglas to conduct services. In 1898 the separate parish was created after parishioners subscribed £100 per year to support a minister. A church was built in Mossman on land that had been part of Daniel Harts 1885 subdivision (and part of which he donated to the church in 1898).</p><br>
<p>The first St Davids Church at Mossman was a simple gable-roofed timber structure, dedicated on Trinity Sunday on 29 May 1899. It took the name of the Welsh patron saint, St David, reputedly because Mr RD Rex, a local farmer and parish secretary during construction had been christened in the new cathedral of St Davids in Hobart in 1874. The Bishop of North Queensland agreed to the name. The link with the Tasmanian cathedral was again made in 1955 when a fragment of the stone cross at St David&#39;s Cathedral was presented to the Mossman church, where it was set in cement at the entry.</p><br>
<p>From 3 August 1900 the Port Douglas and Mossman Parish was incorporated into the newly created Church of England Diocese of Carpentaria, which encompassed the Torres Strait, Cape York Peninsula, the Southern Gulf of Carpentaria and the whole of the Northern Territory, with the Bishop&#39;s seat located at Thursday Island. The Queensland boundary of the diocese extended to south of Port Douglas, with Cairns remaining in the Diocese of North Queensland. Church historians, including Keith Rayner is his 1962 doctoral thesis The History of the Church of England in Queensland, argue that the formation of a new diocese "came at a time of economic and commercial depression, and its European population was markedly declining." The new diocese faced significant challenges due to its size, isolation, lack of resources and the cultural and linguistic diversity of its parishioners. It struggled to be self-supporting, and lacked sufficient internal support to accomplish its missionary goals.</p><br>
<p>Despite these challenges, the Port Douglas and Mossman Parish initially thrived. In January 1902 The Carpentarian noted that the church had resolved to raise £150 for a rectory at St Davids, which was constructed in 1903; and in 1904 Mossman became the centre of the parish. The shift away from Port Douglas reflected the decline of the latter as an early port and regional centre, the ascendancy of Cairns as the regions premier port, and the emergence of Mossman as the centre of the Mossman River district.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the Reverend Edward Taffs took up duties as rector at Mossman and remained there for the next 46 years until his death aged 90. Taffs had migrated from England to Victoria in September 1889 and was ordained a minister in St Pauls Cathedral in Melbourne in 1901; his first appointment being in South Gippsland. He opened the Holy Trinity College at Kew, occupying the position of headmaster while continuing as a minister. In mid-1904 he left Victoria with his family and moved to Mossman to take up the position of rector. He and his wife Mary worked throughout the parish, travelling to Mount Molloy, Mount Carbine and Port Douglas on horseback. Taffs time in Mossman was an unusually long commitment for an Anglican clergyman at this period in such a remote part of the state. His missionary commitment and principles, as well as his dogged determination, were pivotal to the development and construction of the second St David&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>On 16 March 1911 a severe cyclone caused extensive damage to buildings at Port Douglas and Mossman. The Carpentarian of Easter Eve 1911 reported that the facilities lost included the churches at Port Douglas and Mossman, the Port Douglas house belonging to the Bishopric Endowment Fund (used as a rectory), a church hall at Mossman that Taffs had erected at his own expense, and a small church at Mount Molloy. A flood two weeks after the cyclone swept away the remaining debris.</p><br>
<p>The paucity of church finances, often reliant upon contributions from English church societies, meant that raising funds for building projects was a constant challenge. For the Parish of Port Douglas and Mossman, available funding was first directed toward re-erecting the Mossman parish hall. Prolonged difficulties in raising further funds, and a commitment to building a new church debt-free, resulted in this hall serving as the temporary church until 1952.</p><br>
<p>The impact of the 1911 cyclone convinced local parishioners of the need to rebuild St Davids in stone, a more expensive undertaking than erecting a timber structure. Reverend Taffs reputedly prepared the design for the new church which, in contrast to the simple, gabled timber churches that dominated the area, drew from the architectural traditions of the Byzantine Empire or that of the Romans during the Middle Ages. The culmination of Early Christian architecture, the style that came to be associated with this empire began after AD 330 when Emperor Constantine established the Imperial Roman capital at Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. From its palette the design for St Davids originally incorporated a series of domes and barrel vaults over the nave and apse, a dome on a windowed drum, and rounded arches of coloured stone. The planned church was modest in size - 44 feet long by 25 feet wide (13.41m x 7.62m) - and designed to seat 120 persons. Construction commenced in 1912 after suitable stone was found at Bonnie Doon, a local cane farm on the Mossman River. Kerr reports in his Northern Outpost report of 1995 that stones were transported from the property with the help of the Mossman Mill which agreed to supply half a mile of tramline to enable it to be hauled from the quarry to the construction site. A contract for the nave stone was let for 850 tons at three shillings a ton and Mossman Central Mill railed it to the church site. To withstand potential flooding, substantial foundations were laid by parishioners under the supervision of a stonemason. These were completed in 1915, but further work was delayed by World War I (1914-1918). A decoratively painted timber panel intended for the sanctuary was crafted during this time for use in the temporary church and later transferred to the stone building.</p><br>
<p>After the war the Ladies Building Committee raised money for construction of the chancel and one bay window in 1919, but further obstacles slowed the building program. The price of cement escalated and then in February 1920 another cyclone damaged the rectory and temporary church, and building funds set aside for the new church had to be channeled into repair of the temporary church/hall and rectory.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, fund raising waned and in the early 1930s progress remained slow due to the depressed economy. Concerted efforts to complete the church did not resume until the late 1930s after modifications to the plan were made by firms of architects and engineers, Hassall and Redmond, both of Cairns, who called tenders in January 1937. As the prices submitted were more costly than the committee had anticipated, construction of the stone walls did not commence until 1940, with most of the work undertaken by Reverend Taffs and his two grandsons. Further delay followed while funds were raised for the roof. With the start of World War II (1939-1945), voluntary fund-raising, building materials and skilled labour were diverted to the war effort, delaying construction even further.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Taffs died in 1950, just two years before St David&#39;s Church was completed. His replacement, Father Ware, considered that his first task was to complete the church. In 1951 the design was revised by Cairns architect Edwin Roy Orchard to incorporate a simpler and less expensive gabled roof and parishioners arranged a loan with the National Bank. Tenders were called in October 1951 and the contract was awarded to Baker and McMaster of Cairns. The work cost £7,586 and was completed in August 1952. On 27 September 1952 Bishop Hudson finally dedicated the stone church, 40 years after construction had commenced.</p><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Church suffered structural damage to its sanctuary during a cyclonic storm in 1979. In the same year a building fund was established to construct a vestry. In 1980 a cruciform design was accepted, with small transepts to accommodate a vestry to the north and a chapel to the south of the crossing.</p><br>
<p>The tender was awarded to R and J Carroll in 1982. The new chapel and vestry were consecrated in 1984, completing the building that was started in 1912 under the guidance of Rev. Taffs. Parishioners have since installed leadlight windows designed by artist Chris Oswald (donated in memory of Dorothy Louise Kieseker) and a tile mosaic depicting the risen Christ.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 the Diocese of Carpentaria was dissolved and the Parish of Port Douglas and Mossman, among other Cape York parishes, was returned to the responsibility of the Anglican Diocese of North Queensland.</p><br>
<h3>Raintrees (Samanea saman)</h3><br>
<p>An avenue comprising about eleven mature raintrees grows either side of Foxton Avenue (the Cook Highway) from its intersection with Mossman Street to the church porch. This avenue contributes substantially to the setting of St David&#39;s and the aesthetic experience of it, which is considered to be of State-level cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The raintree is native to a range stretching from southern Mexico into northern South America and its accepted botanical name, as included in the Australian Plant Census and established in 1916, is Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. A plaque outside St Davids states that the avenue of trees was planted by Rev. Taffs using seeds obtained from Jamaica by Daniel Hart, one of the areas earliest selectors to whom the land (portion 35) originally belonged; however no evidence has been uncovered to substantiate this account or resolve the incongruity it contains between the year of Harts death, 1900, and when Taffs become rector at Mossman in 1904. A recent arborists report estimates the trees are between 80 and 100 years old making the date range in which they were planted between 1908 and 1928. No trees appear in a parish photograph of the timber church destroyed by cyclone in 1911 and apparently built on the site of the later stone church.</p><br>
<p>Interestingly the first record of the raintree species being introduced outside its native habitat comes from the Caribbean Islands, and since then it has become naturalized and widely planted in pastureland for shade and forage on most of these islands, including Jamaica from where Hart immigrated to Australia. In the second half of the nineteenth century the trees were introduced into many tropical countries as street and shade trees, most extensively in India, southern Asia and the Pacific. The species has been known by a number of other common names including guango (in Jamaica), monkey pod and saman.</p><br>
<p>Raintrees are now common in coastal north-east Queensland, including around Mossman and Port Douglas. Flora of Australia (2001) reports that the trees are naturalized along the Stewart Creek south of Daintree, about 24 km north of Mossman, with other naturalized populations occurring at South Johnstone and Dingo Beach on Cape Gloucester (near Bowen). A mature tree (estimated to be 125 years old) has been identified near the weighbridge on Mossman&#39;s Mill Road. In 1907 they were reported as growing in the main street of Ingham and in Townsville. At the opening of the Cook Highway from Cairns to Mossman in late 1933, The Courier Mail of 19 December 1933 described already established raintrees lining part of the Port Douglas to Mossman stretch of the road.</p><br>
<p>The key to the early renown of the raintree stemmed from the apocryphal story that it was a panacea for drought stricken districts through the ability of its leaves to condense moisture out of the air, retain it in large quantities and then expel it through its leaves and trunk. This story, and how it had been disproved, was discussed in two 1911 articles from the Port Douglas and Mossman Record. Otherwise it was seriously considered as a useful crop for the fodder its large seed pods provided for cattle.</p><br>
<p>It appears that in late nineteenth century Queensland the raintree was known by one of its botanical synonyms, an alternate spelling of Pithecellobium saman. In an August 1879 article in The Queenslander, recounting the minutes of the most recent meeting of the Acclimatisation Society of Queensland, this species is discussed and a report tabled from the director of the Botanical Gardens in Jamaica, from where seeds had been obtained by the Queensland Colonial Office. The Chairman reported that the tree was known to the Society, which had a few strong plants in stock. Later in the same year it was reported that the chairman had distributed large quantities of seed in the northern districts of the colony. A letter-to-the-editor published in a June 1884 Sydney Morning Herald issue and received from Fred Turner - who worked at the Brisbane Botanic Gardens from 1874, before becoming Curator of the Acclimatisation Society&#39;s Bowen Park and then moving to the Sydney Botanic Gardens in 1880 - reveals that the Brisbane Gardens had sometime previously received seeds of the raintree. An article in a December 1932 issue of The Queenslander describes a substantial raintree growing there.</p><br>
<p>From late 1877 Hart was an active member of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society, based in Brisbane, and at Coolshade he established a fine orchard with European and Mediterranean fruits, Chinese fruits, mangoes, and coconuts using material obtained almost exclusively via the Society. In April 1884 The Brisbane Courier reported on a visit to agricultural properties in the Mossman River district, the foremost of which was Coolshade. In December 1887 the agricultural reporter for The Queenslander newspaper described Hart as an enthusiast in horticulture, and his garden an experimental station. In both articles the extensive range of plants described as growing at the property did not include the raintree.</p><br>
<p>When Hart died in 1900 he left Coolshade and its orchard - located on just over 10 acres (4.12ha) on the Mossman River to the north of the site of St Davids and the raintree avenue - to his half brother. In 1907 the title for the triangular parcel of land over which the canopy of the eastern line of raintrees spreads was transferred by this brother to Edward Taffs, Harts brother died in 1915, leaving Coolshade to a daughter of Taffs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Church is located north of the centre of Mossman in a park setting on a triangular site between the Captain Cook Highway (Foxton Avenue), which it addresses, and Mossman Street. It is set approximately four metres back from the street and is aligned at an angle of approximately 60° to the course of the street. When approached from the south and the centre of town it sits at the northern end of a grassed area behind an avenue of large, mature raintrees (Samanea saman) that dominate this section of Foxton Avenue.</p><br>
<p>From the church looking west there are views over George Davis Park with cane fields behind, and distant views of the Main Coast Range (part of the Great Dividing Range) and the Daintree National Park. The church behind the avenue of raintrees is an important aspect of the view from George Davis Park.</p><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s is a small church with a terracotta tile-clad roof and walls built of stone, concrete blockwork and detail sections of render. It is aligned on an east-west axis with a nave and small porch at the front and western end, a chapel and vestry to the south and north sides of the crossing respectively, and an apse on the eastern end of the nave.</p><br>
<p>The four stages in which the church was constructed are discernable in differences in its fabric. The fabric of the first three stages is critical to the cultural heritage significance of the church, while the fourth stage is important for its form but not for the materials used.</p><br>
<p>The first stage of construction is represented in the stonework up to floor level in the nave and apse, comprising random rubble to about one metre above ground level.</p><br>
<p>The second stage comprises the walls of the nave and apse above floor level, including the rounded archways and the coloured concrete block quoins, and reflects the Byzantine influence in the original design. The walls of the nave are approximately 8m high and it is approximately 12m long by 6m wide. There are four round arch openings on the exterior elevations of the nave: two on the north elevation and two on the south elevation. The round arch openings near the porch are about 1.5 metres wide. The eastern arched openings are much wider - about four metres. The polygonal apse begins in a round arched opening almost the width and height of the east wall of the nave. The apse has narrower round arch openings taking up most of each of the five sides. The walls of the nave and apse are constructed of random rubble. There are alternating red and blue coloured concrete block quoins to the corners and the edges of the arched openings.</p><br>
<p>The third stage comprises the porch, including the west gable parapet wall surmounted by a Latin cross at its apex, the gable parapet wall to the nave also with a Latin cross, and the tiled roofs of the nave, apse and porch. The porch is to the west of the nave, its walls also constructed of random rubble with uncoloured concrete block quoins. The western porch facade has a rectangular window with three lights, the outer casements of which open outwards while the central light is fixed. There is a narrow, upright slit in the stone wall above the window. The western facade of the nave has a circular window in-filled with fixed louvers and topped by a stone drip moulding. Both gable parapets have moulded block-work coping. The northern elevation of the porch features a doorway now accessed by a ramp with a bell mounted to the right-hand side of the doorway that is framed in bevelled concrete.</p><br>
<p>The roofs of the nave and porch are gabled, pitched at a 45? angle and have ridges running east-west. The roof of the apse abuts the wall of the nave and has a three-faceted hip. All roofs are clad with terracotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>The fourth construction stage corresponds to the additions undertaken in that installed a chapel centred on the southern side of the crossing and a vestry on its northern side. The walls of these additions are constructed of concrete block: rendered quoins and infill panels of textured blocks. The roofs of the chapel and vestry abut the wall of the nave, have three-faceted hips at each end, and are clad with coloured concrete tiles. Each of the three facets of the chapel southernmost end has a narrow window with rounded top. On the northern side the vestry addition mirrors that of the chapel opposite. Like the chapel the vestry has windows in the three of the end wall facets. There is a door in its western facade.</p><br>
<p>A small building housing toilets is immediately adjacent to the northeast corner of the nave.</p><br>
<p>Random rubble stonework is largely exposed on the interior of the church, as are the blockwork quoins. The porch, nave and apse have unpainted timber ceilings. There are panels of painted timber under the window sills in the apse.</p><br>
<p>The porch (4m x 2m x 3m high) has a carpeted floor, unpainted, rendered walls and a stained timber ceiling. The window in the northern wall of the porch has stained glass depicting a scene of Christ and children. The concrete frame above this window features the Christogram IHS (derived from the first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus).</p><br>
<p>The nave has concrete floors and a ceiling of stained timber panelling with six pendant light fittings and two fans hanging from it. The windows in the round-arch openings on the southern side of the nave contain stained glass depicting the Madonna and Child flanked by St Margaret and St Hilda. On the northern side Christ is depicted as a shepherd, flanked by St Andrew and St David. Between these windows and the arches leading into the chapel and vestry the stonework has been rendered.</p><br>
<p>The archways between the nave and chapel and vestry either side of the crossing are in-filled with stained timber boarding, to the south to the spring-line of the arch and to the north to door head height. The chapel is open to the main body of the church and its ceiling corresponds to the lower line of the in-fill panel, while the vestry is separated by a stained timber panel wall and a central door. The chapel and vestry have concrete floors, unpainted concrete block walls and stained timber ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Two concrete steps lead through a wide round-headed arch at the east end of the nave to the apse, which has unfinished random rubble walls and timber paneled ceiling similar to the nave. The concrete floor is covered with red carpet. There is a mosaic depicting Christ in the archway directly behind the altar.</p><br>
<h3>Raintrees (Samanea saman)</h3><br>
<p>An avenue of raintrees (Samanea saman) is located along a section of Foxton Avenue (Captain Cook Highway) to the south and west of the church. Six are located on the eastern side of the road with another five on the western side, and make an emotive setting for St David&#39;s Church particularly on the approach out of the centre of town to the south. The interlocking canopies that stretch over the road create a tunnel of shade beyond which stands the church in the sunlight. The large volume of space protected by this canopy stands above a carpet of grass on the triangular lot between Foxton Avenue and Mossman Street, and effect which also highlights the positioning of the church.</p><br>
<p>Samanea saman generally grow to between 15m and 25m tall with a broad dome-shaped canopy typically 30m in diameter. The trees leading to St David&#39;s Church are substantial and mature; some about 15m tall with canopies of about 30m in diameter. Some of the trees have multiple trunks, the circumferences of which being between 6m to 10m. Ferns and other epiphytes grow from the trunk and branches of several trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Anglican Church and Raintrees (Samanea saman) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Davids Church, constructed in stages between 1912 and 1952, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history related to the spread of the Anglican Christian denomination. The lengthy construction period combined with the perseverance and dedication of the local minister, Reverend Taffs, exemplifies the pattern of the development, establishment and resilience of the former Anglican Diocese of Carpentaria (1900-1996) in far northern Queensland. The church embodies its ongoing struggle to establish a presence and raise funds for building projects during the first half of the twentieth century. Also the self-reliance that many ministers and their parishioners displayed is reflected in the idiosyncratic nature of the design and materials of St David&#39;s Church at Mossman.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St David&#39;s Anglican Church is set behind an avenue of substantial, fern-clad raintrees (Samanea saman) forming an archway along part of the Captain Cook Highway (Foxton Avenue) that takes road travellers out of the centre of Mossman toward Daintree. These trees and the beautiful arbour they make, as well as the unusual use of stone and Byzantine-influenced design details in the church, make an important aesthetic contribution to the town of Mossman.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Vengeance Monument Site is an archaeological and commemorative site on United States Route 7 in northern Pittsford, Vermont. The site includes the archaeological remains of one of Vermont&#39;s oldest documented homesteads, and the only surviving site of a state-ordered military fortification of the American Revolutionary War. The site is marked by a stone memorial placed in 1873, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Vengeance archaeological site is located on northern Pittsford, about 0.5 mi south of the town line with Brandon in northern Rutland County. It is marked by a squat marble obelisk adjacent to a roadside pullout on the west side of United States Route 7. The site occupies about 2 acre, most of which is west of the highway, but including a portion of US 7 which is believed to have been built over part of the site.</p><br>
<p>The site includes the archaeological remains of two houses. The older of the two was the farmstead of Caleb Hendee, who moved to the area and built his house here in 1774. At the time of the propertys listing on the National Register, it was the oldest known farmstead site in the state, with no known sites predating 1770 (the states colonial settlement history begins in the 1740s). In 1780 Hendee&#39;s farmstead became the site of Fort Vengeance, a palisaded fortification whose construction was ordered by the independent government of the Vermont Republic as part of its northern line of defense. The fort included a barracks, powder magazine, and other features, and was in use until 1782. It was one of three forts ordered by the state, all in the Pittsford-Brandon area, and is the only one whose location is both known and amenable to archaeological investigation. It is suspected that a portion of the modern road prism of US 7 encroaches on the site; construction of the road necessitated movement of the marker some 25 ft west of its original placement.</p><br>
<p>Caleb Hendee&#39;s house was probably abandoned in the mid-19th century by his son Samuel, who built a Greek Revival farmhouse further south, and probably tore down the remains of the old house and fort. In 1858, Samuel sold most of the property to a future in-law, Chester Thomas. Thomas built the house that made the second homesite in 1860; this building was demolished about 1900.</p><br>
